epoll,event poll,on linux kernel 2.6.x.pthread,nptl-2.12 LT/ET:ET也会多次发送event,当然频率远低于LT,但是epoll one shot才是真正的对"one connection VS one thread in worker thread pool,不依赖于任何connection-data-queue"的基础支持 .我看到大部分对epoll_wait的处理模式如下，很教科化，因为man-pages就是这样举例子的。man-pages epoll_wait handle:#define MAX_EVENTS 10struct epoll_event events[MAX_EVENTS];for (;;) { nfds = epoll_wait(epollfd, events, MAX_EVENTS, -1); for(1~nfds)
handle events[i];
......}epoll_ctl_add的当然是EPOLLIN|EPOLLET,此外我就不知道处理上面代码的是一条线程还是一堆线程（in threadpool），但愿不是一条线程吧！如果是的话，难不成等处理完这MAX_EVENTS 个再去处理接下来的MAX_EVENTS 个？慢否？ 但是如果是一堆线程的话，你是否考虑过如何处理request-data in one connection在逻辑上的完整性，也就是一个request-data-packet可能会被分割成若干次发送，在上面的处理模式中你真的要好好设计一下了。而我的epoll_wait处理模式如下：struct epoll_event activeEvent;for(;;){ epoll_wait(epollfd, &activeEvent, 1/*很惊讶吗，但绝不是一条线程在运行这段代码,而是一堆*/, timeout); if handle activeEvent success epoll_ctl_mod EPOLLIN|EPOLLET|EPOLLONESHOT
......}处理上面代码的当然是一堆线程in threadpool,而且epoll_ctl_add的是EPOLLIN|EPOLLET|EPOLLONESHOT
因为我的设计理念是严格遵守one connection VS one thread in worker thread pool。
所以我下面的server框架的基本模型是:One connection VS one thread in worker thread pool ,worker thread performs epollWorkerRoutine.在epollWorkerRoutine中有以下的职责:1.handle request,当忙时增加epollWorkerThread数量但不超过maxThreads,post/MOD EPOLLIN|EPOLLONESHOT Interested Event to epoll.2.timeout时检查是否空闲和当前epollWorkerThread数量,当空闲时保持或减少至minThreads数量.3.对所有Accepted-socket管理生命周期,这里利用系统的keepalive probes,若想实现业务层"心跳探测"只需将QSS_SIO_KEEPALIVE_VALS_TIMEOUT 改回系统默认的2小时.这里并不维护所有连接列表，当然你可以在/proc/getpid/fd下找到所有的socket fd.4.linux上的non-blocking socket的操作仍然依赖recv,send，不像windows上的wsarecv+overlapped,即便不用fcntl fd o_nonblock也可以立即返回。我这里把send动作实现成了blocking的（internalBlockingSender），同样的道理，non-blocking send依然会形成响应数据在逻辑上的碎片错序，特别是你如果采用上面那个教科化的处理模式的化，并且还是多线程的话，那么这简直就乱透了。当然你可以使用response-data-queue来达到异步准确发送数据的目的。下面结合源码,浅析一下epoll programming:socketserver.h
#ifndef __Q_SOCKET_SERVER__#define __Q_SOCKET_SERVER__#include <errno.h>#include <sys/socket.h>#include <netinet/in.h>#include <netinet/tcp.h>#include <arpa/inet.h>#include <sys/types.h>#include <string.h>#include <sys/epoll.h>#include <pthread.h>#include <unistd.h>#include <fcntl.h>#include <stdio.h>#include <stdlib.h>#include <time.h>#define SOCKET_ERROR -1#define INVALID_SOCKET -1typedef int SOCKET;typedef struct sockaddr_in SOCKADDR_IN;typedef unsigned short WORD;typedef unsigned int DWORD;#define QSS_SIO_KEEPALIVE_VALS_TIMEOUT 30*60
#define QSS_SIO_KEEPALIVE_VALS_INTERVAL 5
#define QSS_SIO_KEEPALIVE_VALS_COUNT 3
#define MAX_THREADS 100
#define MAX_THREADS_MIN 10
#define MIN_WORKER_WAIT_TIMEOUT 20*1000
#define MAX_WORKER_WAIT_TIMEOUT 60*MIN_WORKER_WAIT_TIMEOUT
#define MAX_THREADPOOLS 32
#define MAX_BUF_SIZE 1024
/* ulimit -n opened FDs per process.记得修改哦，否则还是select效果,就不是epoll效果了哦，呵呵*/
#define BLOCKING_SEND_TIMEOUT 20
typedef void (*CSocketLifecycleCallback)(int cs,int lifecycle);//lifecycle:0:OnAccepted,-1:OnClose
typedef int (*BlockingSender_t)(void * senderBase,int cs, void * buf, size_t nbs);
typedef int (*InternalProtocolHandler)(struct epoll_event * event,BlockingSender_t _blockingSender,void * senderBase);//return -1:SOCKET_ERROR
typedef struct {
WORD passive;
WORD port;//uint16_t
WORD minThreads;
WORD maxThreads;
pthread_spinlock_t g_spinlock;//PTHREAD_PROCESS_PRIVATE
volatile int lifecycleStatus;//0-created,1-starting, 2-running,3-stopping,4-exitSignaled,5-stopped
int workerWaitTimeout;//wait timeout
volatile int workerCounter;
volatile int currentBusyWorkers;
volatile int CSocketsCounter;
CSocketLifecycleCallback cslifecb;
InternalProtocolHandler protoHandler;
SOCKET server_s;
SOCKADDR_IN serv_addr;
int epollFD;//main epoller.
int BSendEpollFD;//For blocking send.
}QSocketServer;
typedef struct {
SOCKET client_s;
SOCKADDR_IN client_addr;
uint32_t curEvents;
char buf[MAX_BUF_SIZE];
DWORD numberOfBytesTransferred;
char * data;
int BSendEpollFDRelated;
pthread_mutex_t writableLock;
pthread_cond_t writableMonitor;
}QSSEPollEvent;//for per connection
int createSocketServer(QSocketServer ** qss_ptr,WORD passive,WORD port,CSocketLifecycleCallback cslifecb,InternalProtocolHandler protoHandler,WORD minThreads,WORD maxThreads,int workerWaitTimeout);
int startSocketServer(QSocketServer *qss);
int shutdownSocketServer(QSocketServer *qss);
#endif
qsocketserver_model.c //下面的代码离生产环境还差内存池和logger哦！
#include "socketserver.h"
#include <dirent.h>
#include <regex.h>
#define DIGIT_PATTERN_STRING "^[0-9]+$"
void * epollWorkerRoutine(void *);
void * blockingSendEpollerRoutine(void *);
int isDigitStr(const char *str){
int ret=-1;
regex_t regex;
regmatch_t matchs[1];
if(!regcomp(®ex,DIGIT_PATTERN_STRING,REG_EXTENDED/*这里不要传0哦，否则nomatch*/)){
ret=!regexec(®ex,str, 1,matchs,0);
regfree(®ex);
}
return ret;
}
static int setNonBlocking(int sock)
{
int opts;
opts=fcntl(sock,F_GETFL);
if(opts==-1)
{
perror("fcntl(sock,GETFL) failed!\n");
return opts;
}
opts = opts|O_NONBLOCK;
opts=fcntl(sock,F_SETFL,opts);
if(opts==-1)
{
perror("fcntl(sock,SETFL,opts) failed!\n");
return opts;
}
return 1;
}
static void adjustQSSWorkerLimits(QSocketServer *qss){
//to adjust availabe size.
}
typedef struct{
QSocketServer * qss;
pthread_t th;
}QSSWORKER_PARAM;
static WORD addQSSWorker(QSocketServer *qss,WORD addCounter){
WORD res=0;
if(qss->workerCounter<qss->minThreads||(qss->currentBusyWorkers==qss->workerCounter&&qss->workerCounter<qss->maxThreads))
{
QSSWORKER_PARAM * pParam=NULL;
int i=0;
pthread_spin_lock(&qss->g_spinlock);
if(qss->workerCounter+addCounter<=qss->maxThreads)
for(;i<addCounter;i++)
{
pParam=malloc(sizeof(QSSWORKER_PARAM));
if(pParam){
pthread_create(&pParam->th,NULL,epollWorkerRoutine,pParam);
pParam->qss=qss;
qss->workerCounter++,res++;
}
}
pthread_spin_unlock(&qss->g_spinlock);
}
return res;
}
static void SOlogger(const char * msg,SOCKET s){
perror(msg);
if(s>0)
close(s);
}
static int _InternalProtocolHandler(struct epoll_event * event,BlockingSender_t _blockingSender,void * senderBase){
QSSEPollEvent *qssEPEvent=event->data.ptr;
int ret;
printf("_InternalProtocolHandler START pollRes==1,err:%d, ...cs:%d,,,,,th:%lu,\n",errno,qssEPEvent->client_s,pthread_self());
if((ret=recv(qssEPEvent->client_s,qssEPEvent->buf,MAX_BUF_SIZE,0))>0){
//sleep(5);
ret=_blockingSender(senderBase,qssEPEvent->client_s,qssEPEvent->buf,ret);
}
printf("_InternalProtocolHandler END ret=%d,err:%d,%s, ...cs:%d,,,,,th:%lu,\n",ret,errno,strerror(errno),qssEPEvent->client_s,pthread_self());
return ret;
}
int createSocketServer(QSocketServer ** qss_ptr,WORD passive,WORD port,CSocketLifecycleCallback cslifecb,InternalProtocolHandler protoHandler,WORD minThreads,WORD maxThreads,int workerWaitTimeout)
{
QSocketServer * qss=malloc(sizeof(QSocketServer));
qss->passive=passive;
qss->port=port;
qss->minThreads=minThreads;
qss->maxThreads=maxThreads;
qss->workerWaitTimeout=workerWaitTimeout;
qss->lifecycleStatus=0;
pthread_spin_init(&qss->g_spinlock,PTHREAD_PROCESS_PRIVATE);
qss->workerCounter=0;
qss->currentBusyWorkers=0;
qss->CSocketsCounter=0;
qss->cslifecb=cslifecb,qss->protoHandler=protoHandler;
if(!qss->protoHandler)
qss->protoHandler=_InternalProtocolHandler;
adjustQSSWorkerLimits(qss);
*qss_ptr=qss;
return 1;
}
int startSocketServer(QSocketServer *qss)
{
if(qss==NULL)
return 0;
else{
pthread_spin_lock(&qss->g_spinlock);
if(qss->lifecycleStatus==0){
qss->lifecycleStatus=1;
pthread_spin_unlock(&qss->g_spinlock);
}else{
pthread_spin_unlock(&qss->g_spinlock);
return 0;
}
}
//bzero(&qss->serv_addr, sizeof(qss->serv_addr));
qss->serv_addr.sin_family=AF_INET;
qss->serv_addr.sin_port=htons(qss->port);
inet_aton("127.0.0.1",&(qss->serv_addr.sin_addr));
//qss->serv_addr.sin_addr.s_addr=INADDR_ANY;//inet_addr("127.0.0.1");
qss->server_s=socket(AF_INET,SOCK_STREAM,IPPROTO_IP);
if(setNonBlocking(qss->server_s)==-1)
{
SOlogger("setNonBlocking server_s failed.\n",0);
return 0;
}
if(qss->server_s==INVALID_SOCKET)
{
SOlogger("socket failed.\n",0);
return 0;
}
if(bind(qss->server_s,(struct sockaddr *)&qss->serv_addr,sizeof(SOCKADDR_IN))==SOCKET_ERROR)
{
SOlogger("bind failed.\n",qss->server_s);
return 0;
}
if(listen(qss->server_s,SOMAXCONN/*这个宏windows也有，这里是128，当然你可以设的小些，它影响开销的*/)==SOCKET_ERROR)
{
SOlogger("listen failed.\n",qss->server_s);
return 0;
}
qss->epollFD=epoll_create1(0);/*这里不是epoll_create(size)哦，你可能不知道如何设置size,所以忽略它吧*/
if(qss->epollFD==-1){
SOlogger("epoll_create1 0, main epollFD failed.\n",qss->server_s);
return 0;
}
qss->BSendEpollFD=epoll_create1(0);//for blocking send.
if(qss->BSendEpollFD==-1){
SOlogger("epoll_create1 0,BSendEpollFD failed.\n",qss->server_s);
return 0;
}
{//ADD ACCEPT EVENT
struct epoll_event _epEvent;
QSSEPollEvent *qssEPEvent=malloc(sizeof(QSSEPollEvent));
qssEPEvent->client_s=qss->server_s;
_epEvent.events=qssEPEvent->curEvents=EPOLLIN|EPOLLET;
_epEvent.data.ptr=qssEPEvent;
if(epoll_ctl(qss->epollFD,EPOLL_CTL_ADD,qss->server_s,&_epEvent)==-1){
SOlogger("epoll_ctl server_s to accept failed.\n",qss->server_s);
free(qssEPEvent);
return 0;
}
}
{//starup blocking send epoller.
QSSWORKER_PARAM * pParam=malloc(sizeof(QSSWORKER_PARAM));
pParam->qss=qss;
pthread_create(&pParam->th,NULL,blockingSendEpollerRoutine,pParam);
}
//initialize worker for epoll events.
addQSSWorker(qss,qss->minThreads);
qss->lifecycleStatus=2;
return 1;
}
int shutdownSocketServer(QSocketServer *qss){
//change qss->lifecycleStatus
if(qss==NULL)
return 0;
else{
pthread_spin_lock(&qss->g_spinlock);
if(qss->lifecycleStatus==2){
qss->lifecycleStatus=3;
pthread_spin_unlock(&qss->g_spinlock);
}else{
pthread_spin_unlock(&qss->g_spinlock);
return 0;
}
}
/*shutdown server-listening socket,这里优雅的做法是shutdown--notify-->epoll-->close.记得shutdown会发送EOF的哦*/
shutdown(qss->server_s,SHUT_RDWR);
// /proc/getpid/fd shutdown all socket cs != serv_s
{
char dirBuf[64];
struct dirent * de;
DIR *pd=NULL;
int sockFD;
sprintf(dirBuf,"/proc/%d/fd/",getpid());
pd=opendir(dirBuf);
if(pd!=NULL){
while((de=readdir(pd))!=NULL){
if(isDigitStr(de->d_name)){
sockFD=atoi(de->d_name);
if(isfdtype(sockFD,S_IFSOCK))
shutdown(sockFD,SHUT_RDWR);
}
}
closedir(pd);
}
/*fstat(ret,&_stat);S_ISSOCK(_stat.st_mode)======isfdtype(sockFD,S_IFSOCK)*/
}
return 1;
}
static int onAcceptRoutine(QSocketServer * qss)
{
SOCKADDR_IN client_addr;
unsigned int client_addr_leng=sizeof(SOCKADDR_IN);
SOCKET cs;
struct epoll_event _epEvent;
QSSEPollEvent *qssEPEvent=NULL;
cs=accept(qss->server_s,(struct sockaddr *)&client_addr,&client_addr_leng);
if(cs==INVALID_SOCKET)
{
printf("onAccept failed:%d,%s\n",errno,strerror(errno));
epoll_ctl(qss->epollFD,EPOLL_CTL_DEL,qss->server_s,NULL);//EINVAL 22 Invalid argument
return 0;
}
if(setNonBlocking(cs)==-1)
{
printf("onAccept setNonBlocking client_s failed.cs:%d\n",cs);
return 0;
}
{// set keepalive option
int keepAlive = 1;
int keepIdle = QSS_SIO_KEEPALIVE_VALS_TIMEOUT;
int keepInterval = QSS_SIO_KEEPALIVE_VALS_INTERVAL;
int keepCount = QSS_SIO_KEEPALIVE_VALS_COUNT;
if(setsockopt(cs, SOL_SOCKET, SO_KEEPALIVE, (void *)&keepAlive, sizeof(keepAlive))||
setsockopt(cs, SOL_TCP, TCP_KEEPIDLE, (void *)&keepIdle, sizeof(keepIdle))||
setsockopt(cs, SOL_TCP, TCP_KEEPINTVL, (void *)&keepInterval, sizeof(keepInterval))||
setsockopt(cs, SOL_TCP, TCP_KEEPCNT, (void *)&keepCount, sizeof(keepCount)))
{
printf("onAccept set keepalive option client_s failed.cs:%d,err:%s\n",cs,strerror(errno));
return 0;
}
}
qssEPEvent=malloc(sizeof(QSSEPollEvent));
qssEPEvent->client_s=cs;
{
_epEvent.events=qssEPEvent->curEvents=EPOLLIN|EPOLLET|EPOLLONESHOT;
qssEPEvent->BSendEpollFDRelated=0;
_epEvent.data.ptr=qssEPEvent;/*这里又和教科的不一样哦，真正的user data用ptr,而不是单一的fd*/
if(epoll_ctl(qss->epollFD,EPOLL_CTL_ADD,cs,&_epEvent)==-1){
printf("onAccept epoll_ctl client_s failed.cs:%d,err:%d\n",cs,errno);
free(qssEPEvent);
return 0;
}else{
pthread_spin_lock(&qss->g_spinlock);
qss->CSocketsCounter++;
pthread_spin_unlock(&qss->g_spinlock);
if(qss->cslifecb)
qss->cslifecb(cs,0);
}
}
printf("onAccepted flags:err:%d ,cs:%d.\n",errno,cs);
return 1;
}
typedef struct{
QSocketServer * qss;
QSSEPollEvent * event;
}InternalSenderBase_t;
static int internalBlockingSender(void * senderBase,int cs, void * _buf, size_t nbs){
InternalSenderBase_t *sb=(InternalSenderBase_t *)senderBase;
char * _sbuf=_buf;
int ret=0,sum=0,curEpoll_ctl_opt,*errno_ptr=&errno;
QSSEPollEvent *qssEPEvent=NULL;
struct epoll_event _epEvent;
struct timespec sendTimeo;
while(1){
*errno_ptr=0;
while(sum<nbs&&(ret=send(cs,_sbuf,nbs-sum,0))>0)
sum+=ret,_sbuf+=ret;
if(sum==nbs||ret==0)
break;
else if(ret==-1){
if(errno==EAGAIN&&sum<nbs){
qssEPEvent=sb->event;
_epEvent.data.ptr=qssEPEvent;
_epEvent.events=EPOLLOUT|EPOLLET|EPOLLONESHOT;
if(qssEPEvent->BSendEpollFDRelated==0){
pthread_mutex_init(&qssEPEvent->writableLock,NULL);
pthread_cond_init(&qssEPEvent->writableMonitor,NULL);
qssEPEvent->BSendEpollFDRelated=1;
curEpoll_ctl_opt=EPOLL_CTL_ADD;
}else{
curEpoll_ctl_opt=EPOLL_CTL_MOD;
}
{//wait writable.
int flag=0;
pthread_mutex_lock(&qssEPEvent->writableLock);
if(epoll_ctl(sb->qss->BSendEpollFD,curEpoll_ctl_opt,qssEPEvent->client_s,&_epEvent)==0){
sendTimeo.tv_nsec=0,sendTimeo.tv_sec=time(NULL)+BLOCKING_SEND_TIMEOUT;
int err=pthread_cond_timedwait(&qssEPEvent->writableMonitor,&qssEPEvent->writableLock,&sendTimeo);
if(err)
flag=-1;
}else
flag=-1;
pthread_mutex_unlock(&qssEPEvent->writableLock);
if(flag==-1)
break;
}
}else{
if(errno==EAGAIN&&sum==nbs)
ret=nbs;//it is ok;
break;
}
}
}//end while.
return ret;
}
void * blockingSendEpollerRoutine(void *_param){
QSSWORKER_PARAM * pParam=(QSSWORKER_PARAM *)_param;
QSocketServer * qss=pParam->qss;
//pthread_t * curThread=&pParam->th;
struct epoll_event epEvents[qss->maxThreads];
QSSEPollEvent *qssEPEvent=NULL;
int pollRes,*errno_ptr=&errno;
pthread_setcancelstate(PTHREAD_CANCEL_DISABLE,NULL);
free(pParam);
while(1){
pollRes=epoll_wait(qss->BSendEpollFD,epEvents,qss->maxThreads,-1);
if(pollRes>=1){
int i=0;
for(;i<pollRes;i++)
if(epEvents[i].events&EPOLLOUT){//这个epollfd只应该做以下的事情，少做为快!
qssEPEvent=epEvents[i].data.ptr;
pthread_mutex_lock(&qssEPEvent->writableLock);
pthread_cond_signal(&qssEPEvent->writableMonitor);
pthread_mutex_unlock(&qssEPEvent->writableLock);
}
}else if(pollRes==-1){//errno
printf("blockingSendEpollerRoutine pollRes==-1,err:%d, errno...%s\n",*errno_ptr,strerror(*errno_ptr));
break;
}
}
return NULL;
}
void * epollWorkerRoutine(void * _param){
QSSWORKER_PARAM * pParam=(QSSWORKER_PARAM *)_param;
QSocketServer * qss=pParam->qss;
pthread_t * curThread=&pParam->th;
struct epoll_event _epEvent;
QSSEPollEvent *qssEPEvent=NULL;
InternalSenderBase_t _senderBase;
int pollRes=0,handleCode=0,exitCode=0,SOErrOccurred=0,*errno_ptr=&errno;
_senderBase.qss=qss;
pthread_setcancelstate(PTHREAD_CANCEL_DISABLE,NULL);
free(pParam);
while(!exitCode){
*errno_ptr=0,SOErrOccurred=0,qssEPEvent=NULL;
pollRes=epoll_wait(qss->epollFD,&_epEvent,1,qss->workerWaitTimeout);
if(pollRes==1){
qssEPEvent=(QSSEPollEvent *)_epEvent.data.ptr;
if(qssEPEvent->client_s==qss->server_s)
{//Accepted Socket.
onAcceptRoutine(qss);
continue;
}else{
if(qss->protoHandler){
_senderBase.event=_epEvent.data.ptr;
pthread_spin_lock(&qss->g_spinlock);
qss->currentBusyWorkers++;
pthread_spin_unlock(&qss->g_spinlock);
addQSSWorker(qss,1);
handleCode=qss->protoHandler(&_epEvent,internalBlockingSender,&_senderBase);
pthread_spin_lock(&qss->g_spinlock);
qss->currentBusyWorkers--;
pthread_spin_unlock(&qss->g_spinlock);
if(handleCode>0){
_epEvent.events=EPOLLIN|EPOLLET|EPOLLONESHOT;
if(epoll_ctl(qss->epollFD,EPOLL_CTL_MOD,qssEPEvent->client_s,&_epEvent)==-1)
SOErrOccurred=2;
}else{
SOErrOccurred=1;//maybe socket closed 0. Or -1 socket error.
}
}
}
}else if(pollRes==0){//timeout
printf("pollRes==0,err:%d, timeout...th:%lu\n",*errno_ptr,*curThread);
if(qss->lifecycleStatus<=3&&qss->currentBusyWorkers==0&&qss->workerCounter>qss->minThreads)
{
pthread_spin_lock(&qss->g_spinlock);
if(qss->lifecycleStatus<=3&&qss->currentBusyWorkers==0&&qss->workerCounter>qss->minThreads){
qss->workerCounter--;//until qss->workerCounter decrease to qss->minThreads
exitCode=2;
}
pthread_spin_unlock(&qss->g_spinlock);
}else if(qss->lifecycleStatus>=4)
exitCode=4;
}else if(pollRes==-1){//errno
printf("pollRes==-1,err:%d, errno...%s\n",*errno_ptr,strerror(*errno_ptr));
exitCode=1;
}
if(SOErrOccurred){
if(qss->cslifecb)
qss->cslifecb(qssEPEvent->client_s,-1);
/*if(qssEPEvent)*/{
epoll_ctl(qss->epollFD,EPOLL_CTL_DEL,qssEPEvent->client_s,NULL);
epoll_ctl(qss->BSendEpollFD,EPOLL_CTL_DEL,qssEPEvent->client_s,NULL);
close(qssEPEvent->client_s);
if(qssEPEvent->BSendEpollFDRelated){
pthread_cond_destroy(&qssEPEvent->writableMonitor);
pthread_mutex_destroy(&qssEPEvent->writableLock);
}
free(qssEPEvent);
}
pthread_spin_lock(&qss->g_spinlock);
if(--qss->CSocketsCounter==0&&qss->lifecycleStatus>=3){
//for qss workerSize,
qss->lifecycleStatus=4;
exitCode=3;
}
pthread_spin_unlock(&qss->g_spinlock);
}//SOErrOccurred handle;
}//end main while.
if(exitCode!=2){
int clearup=0;
pthread_spin_lock(&qss->g_spinlock);
if(!--qss->workerCounter&&qss->lifecycleStatus>=4){//clearup QSS
clearup=1;
}
pthread_spin_unlock(&qss->g_spinlock);
if(clearup){
close(qss->epollFD);
close(qss->BSendEpollFD);
pthread_spin_destroy(&qss->g_spinlock);
free(qss);
}
}//exitCode handle;
return NULL;
}