#
to create a panorama image.
input:
output:
前言：最近由于工作的关系，接触到了很多篇以前都没有听说过的经典文章，在感叹这些文章伟大的同时，也顿感自己视野的狭小。 想在网上找找计算机视觉界的经典文章汇总，一直没有找到。失望之余，我决定自己总结一篇，希望对 CV 领域的童鞋们有所帮助。由于自己的视野比较狭窄，肯定也有很多疏漏，权当抛砖引玉了，如果你觉得哪篇文章是非常经典的，也可以把相关信息连带你的昵称发给我，我好补上。我的信箱 xdyang.ustc@gmail.com
文章主要来源：PAMI, IJCV, TIP, CVIU, PR, IVC, CVGIU, CVPR, ICCV, ECCV, NIPS, SIGGRAPH, BMVC等
主要参考网站: Google scholar, citeseer, cvpapers, opencv 中英文官方网站
主要参考书籍：
数字图像处理 第三版 冈萨雷斯等
图像处理，分析和机器视觉 第三版 Sonka等（非常非常好的一本书）
学习OpenCV
计算机视觉：算法与应用
文章按时间排序，排名不分先后，^_^。每一行最后一栏是我自己加的注释，如果不喜欢可以无视之，如果有不对的地方还请告诉我，免得继续出丑。 给出的文章有些是从google scholar或者citeseer上拷贝下来的，所以有链接。所有的文章在网上都很容易找到。有空的时候我会把它们全部整理出来，逐步上传到ishare.iask.sina.com
由于整理的很仓促，时间也很短，还有很多不完善的地方。我会不断改进，并不时上传新版本。
上传地址为http://iask.sina.com.cn/u/2252291285/ish?folderid=775855
最后更新：2012/3/14
1990 年之前
| Peter Burt, Edward Adelson |
The Laplacian Pyramid as A Compact Image Code |
虽说这个Laplacian Pyramid是有冗余的，但使用起来非常简单方便，对理解小波变换也非常有帮助。这位Adelson是W.T.Freeman的老板，都是大牛. |
| J Canny |
A Computational Approach to Edge Detection |
经典不需要解释。在 Sonka的书里面对这个算法也有比较详细的描述。 |
| S Mallat. |
A theory for multiresolution signal decomposition: The wavelet representation |
Mallat的代表作 |
| M Kass, A Witkin, D Terzopoulos. |
Snakes: active contour models |
Deformable model的开山鼻祖。 |
| RM HARALICK |
Textural Features for Image Classification |
这三篇都是关于纹理特征的，虽然过去这么多年了，现在在检索和识别中依然很有用。 |
| RM HARALICK |
Statistical and structural approaches |
|
| Tamura等 |
Texture features corresponding to visual perception |
|
| A P Dempster, N M Laird, D B Rubin. 1977 |
Maximum likelihood from incomplete data via the EM algorithm |
EM 算法在计算机视觉中有着非常重要的作用 |
| L Rabiner. 1989 |
A Tutorial on Hidden Markov Models and Selected Applications in Speech Recognition |
HMM 同样是计算机视觉必须掌握的一项工具 |
| B D Lucas, T Kanade |
An iterative image registration technique with an application to stereo- vision |
Lucas 光流法 |
| J R Quinlan |
Induction of decision trees |
偏模式识别和机器学习一点 |
1990 年
| P Perona, J Malik. PAMI |
Scale-space and edge detection using anisotropic diffusion |
关于 scale space 最早的一篇论文之一，引用率很高 |
| T Lindeberg |
Scale-space for discrete signals. |
Lindeberg 关于 scale space 比较早的一篇，后续还有好几篇 |
| anzad, A.; Hong, Y.H. |
Invariant image recognition by Zernike moments |
Zernike moment,做过模式识别或者检索的应该都知道这个东东 |
1991 年
| W Freeman, E Adelson. |
The design and use of steerable filters |
Freeman最早的一篇力作，也是我读的第一篇学术论文。现在Freeman在 MIT 风生水起，早已是IEEE Fellow了 |
| Michael J. Swain , Dana H. Ballard |
Color Indexing. |
google scholar 上引用将近五千次 |
| MA Turk CVPR |
Face recognition using eigenfaces |
|
1992 年
| L G Brown. |
A survey of image registration techniques. |
比较早的一篇关于配准的综述了 |
1993 年
| S G Mallat, Z Zhang. |
Matching pursuits with time-frequency dictionaries |
Mallat另一篇关于小波的文章，不研究小波的可以无视之 |
| L Vincent. |
Morphological grayscale reconstruction in image analysis: Applications and efficient algorithms |
|
| DP Huttenlocher |
Comparing images using the Hausdorff distance |
Google scolar 上引用2200多次 |
1994 年
| J Shi, C Tomasi. |
Good feature to track. |
Tomasi这个名字还会出现好几次，真的很牛 |
| Linderberg |
Scale-space theory in computer vision |
|
| J L Barron, D J Fleet, S S Beauchemin. |
Performance of optical flow techniques. |
|
1995 年
| R Malladi, J Sethian, B Vemuri. |
Shape Modeling with Front Propagation: A Level Set Approach |
Level set的经典文章 |
| TF COOTES |
Active Shape Models-Their Training and Application |
ASM |
| MA Stricker |
Similarity of color images |
颜色检索相关 |
| C Cortes, V Vapnik. |
Support-vector networks. |
SVM 在计算机视觉中也有着非常重要的地位 |
1996 年
| T MCINERNEY. |
Deformable models in medical image analysis: A survey |
活动模型的一篇较早的综述 |
| Tai Sing Lee |
Image Representation Using 2D Gabor Wavelets |
Google引用也有近千次 |
| Amir Said, A. Pearlman |
A New, Fast, and Efficient Image Codec Based on Set Partitioning in Hierarchical Tree |
SPIHT。图像压缩领域与 EBCOT齐名的经典算法。 |
| L P Kaelbling, M L Littman, A W Moore. |
Reinforcement learning: A survey |
机器学习里面的一篇综述，引用率比较高，就列在这了。 |
| B. S. Manjunath and W. Y. Ma |
Texture features for browsing and retrieval of image data |
检索的文章比较多，其实它们的应用不仅仅是检索。只要是需要提取特征的地方，检索里面的方法都可以用到 |
| |
comparing images using color coherence vectors |
检索中的CCV方法 |
| |
Image retrieval using color and shape |
关于形状特征后面有一篇综述 |
1997 年
| V Caselles, R Kimmel, G Sapiro. |
Geodesic active contours |
活动轮廓模型的一个小分支 |
| R E Schapire, Y Freund, P Bartlett, W S Lee. |
Boosting the Margin: A New Explanation for the Effectiveness of Voting Methods. |
Schapire 和 Freund 发 明 了Adaboost，给计算机视觉带来了不少经典算法 |
| F Maes, D Vandermeulen, G Marchal, P Suetens. |
Multimodality image registration by maximization of mutual information |
互信息量配准 |
| E Osuna, R Freund, F Girosi. |
Training support vector machines: An application to face detection. |
SVM在人脸检测中的应用。不过人脸检测最经典的方法应 该是Viola-Jones |
| J Huang, S Kumar, M Mitra, W-J Zhu, R Zabih. |
Image indexing using color correlogram |
Color correlogram，检索中的又一个颜色特征。和前面的 CCV 以及颜色矩特征基本上覆盖了所有的颜色特征。 |
| Y Freund, R Schapire. |
A decisiontheoretic generalization of on-line learning and an application to boosting. |
Adaboost的经典文章 |
1998 年
1998 年是图像处理和计算机视觉经典文章井喷的一年。大概从这一年开始，开始有了新的趋势。由于竞争的加剧，一些好的算法都先发在会议上了，先占个坑，等过一两年之后再扩展到会议上。
| T Lindeberg |
Feature detection with automatic scale selection |
Linderberg的 scale space到此为止基本结束了。在一些边缘提取，道路或者血管检测中，scale space 确实是一种很不错的工具 |
| C J C Burges. |
A tutorial on support vector machines for pattern recognition. |
使用 svm的话，这篇文章应该是必读的了。比 95 年那篇原始文章引用率还高 |
| M Isard, A Blake. |
CONDENSATION – Conditional TrackingDensity Propagation for Visual |
Tracking中的经典文章了 |
| L Page, S Brin, R Motwani, T Winograd |
The PageRank citation ranking: bringing order to the web |
这篇文章应该不属于 CV 的范畴，鉴于作者的大名鼎鼎，暂且列在这 |
| C Tomasi, R Manduchi. |
Bilateral filtering for gray and color images. |
做过图像滤波平滑去噪或者 HDR的应该都知道Bilateral filter。原理非常非常简单，简单到一个公式就可以概括这篇文章，简单到实在无法扩充到期刊。这也是 Tomasi 第二次出现了。一直很纳闷，这个很直观的思想在这之前怎么就从来没人提呢。 |
| C Xu, J L Prince. |
Snakes, shapes and gradient vector flow. |
终于碰到中国人写的文章了，很荣幸还是校友。GVF是 snake和levelset领域的重要分支和方法 |
| Wim Sweldens. |
The lifting scheme: A construction of second generation wavelets. |
第二代小波。真正让小波有了实用价值，在 JPEG2000 中就采用的提升小波。个人更喜欢的是下一篇，简单易懂，字体也大 |
| Daubechies Wim Sweldens |
Factoring wavelet transforms into lifting steps |
另一位作者也很牛，小波十讲的作者 |
| H A Rowley, S Baluja, T Kanade. |
Neural Network-based Face Detection. |
做人脸的应该是必看的了。不做人脸的话应该可以不用看吧 |
| J B A Maintz, M A Viergever. |
A survey of medical image registration. |
关于图像配准的另一篇综述 |
| T F Cootes, G J Edwards, C J Taylor. |
Active Appearance Models |
AAM |
1999 年
| D Lowe. |
Object Recognition from Local Scale-invariant Features |
大名鼎鼎的SIFT，后面有一篇IJCV上的 Journal版本，更全面一点。 |
| R E Schapire. |
A brief Introduction to Boosting |
还是 boosting |
| D M Gavrila. |
The visual analysis of human movements: a survey |
综述文章的引用一般都比较高 |
| Y Rui, T S Huang, S F Change. |
Image retrieval: current techniques, promising directions, and open issues |
TSHuang小组对检索的一个总结 |
| J K Aggarwal, Q Cai. |
Human motion analysis: a review |
人体运动分析的一个综述 |
2000 年
世纪之交，各种综述都出来了
| J Shi, J Malik. |
Normalized Cuts and Image Segmentation |
NCuts的引用率相当高，Jianbo Shi也因为这篇文章成为计算机视觉界引用率最高的作者之一 |
| Z Zhang. |
A Flexible New Technique for Camera Calibration |
张正友的关于摄像机标定的经典短文 |
| A K Jain, R P W Duin, J C Mao. |
Statistical pattern recognition: a review. |
统计模式识别综述，这一年 pami上两篇很有名的综述之一。 在这里推荐 Web 写的 Statistical Pattern Recognition第三版，相当不错，网上有电子版。 |
| C Stauffe |
Learning Patterns of Activity Using Real-Time Tracking |
搜 TLD 的时候发现这篇文章引用率也很高，两千多次。还没来得及读。 |
| D Taubman. |
High performance Scalable Image Compression With EBCOT |
EBCOT，JPEG2000 中的算法 |
| A W M Smeulders, M Worring, S Santini, A Gupta, R Jain. |
Content-based image retrieval at the end of the early years |
在世纪之交对图像检索的一篇很权威的综述。感觉在这之后检索的研究也没那么热了。不过在工业界热度依旧，各大网上购物平台，比如淘宝， 亚马逊，京东等都在做这方面的研发，衣服检索是一个很不错的应用点。 |
| M Pantic, L J M Rothkrantz. |
Automatic analysis of facial expressions: the state of the art. |
|
| N Paragios, R Deriche. |
Geodesic active contours and level sets for the detection and tracking of moving objects |
使用 level set做跟踪 |
| Y Rubner, C Tomasi, L Guibas. |
TThe earth mover’s distance as a metric for image retrieval. |
EMD算法。Tomasi再次出现 |
| |
PicToSeek Combining Color and Shape Invariant Features for Image Retrieval |
依然是检索特征 |
2001 年
| Paul Viola, Michael J Jones. |
Robust real-time object detection |
这是一篇很牛的文章，在人脸检测上几乎成了标准。比较坑爹的是，号称发在IJCV2001 上，但怎么找也找不到。应该是 IJCV2004年的那篇“Robust real-time face detection”吧。 他们在这一年另一篇比较出名的文章是在CVPR上的“Rapid ObjectDetection using a Boosted Cascade of Simple Features”这篇才是04年那篇著名文章的会议版。 |
| Y Boykov, Kolmogorov. |
An experimental comparison of min-cut/max-flow algorithms for energy minimization in vision. |
俄罗斯人在 graph cut 领域开始发力了 |
| T Moeslund, E Granum. |
A Survey of Computer Vision Based Human Motion Capture |
人体运动综述 |
| T F Chan, L Vese. |
Active contours without edges. |
Snake 和 level set领域的经典文章 |
| A M Martinez, A C Kak. |
PCA versus LDA |
PCA 也是计算机视觉中非掌握不可的工具。LDA在模式识别中有很重要的地位 |
| BS Manjunath |
Color and texture descriptors |
颜色和纹理的描述子，在识别中很有用 |
2002 年
| D Comaniciu, P Meer. |
Mean shift: A robust approach toward feature space analysis. |
Mean shift的经典文章。前两天发现 Comaniciu 已经是 IEEE Fellow了 |
| Ming-Husan Yang, David J Kriegman, Narendra Ahuja. |
Detecting Faces in Images: A Survey. |
人脸检测综述，引用率想不高都难 |
| R Hsu, M Abdel-Mottaleb. |
Face Detection in Color Images. |
依然是人脸检测，名字都起得这么霸气 |
| J-L Starck, E J Candès, D L Donoho. |
The curvelet transform for image denoising. |
Geometrical wavelet 中的一篇代表 作 。 其 他 的 如 ridgelet, contourlet, bandelet 等在这里就不赘述了。研究这方面的很容易找到这方面的经典文献。个人以为不研究这方面的看了后对自己的研究也不会有多大启发。曾经以为这个方向会很火，到最后还是没火起来。 我觉得原因可能是现在存储和传输能力的大大提高，使得对压缩的需求没有那么大了，这方面的研究自然就停滞了，就如同JPEG2000没有成气候 |
| |
Shape matching and object recognition using shape contexts |
Shape context。用形状匹配达到目标识别目的。这方面最经典的文章了。随后后续也有一些这方面的文章，但基本都是很小的改进或者应用。作者提供了原码，可以在 matlab上运行看看效果。 |
| N Paragios, R Deriche. |
Geodesic active regions and level set methods for supervised texture segmentation |
|
| |
Statistical Color Models with Application to Skin Detection |
|
| |
A tutorial on particle filters for online nonlinear non-Gaussian Bayesian tracking |
particle filter 的一个综述 |
2003 年
| W Zhao, R Chellappa, P J Phillips, A Rosenfeld. |
Face recognition: A literature survey. |
人脸检测的综述 |
| J Sivic, A Zisserman. |
Video Google: A text retrieval approach to object matching in videos. |
好像是Visual words的起源文章。引用率很高，先列出来再看。 |
| D Comaniciu, V Ramesch, P Meer. |
Kernel-Based Object Tracking. |
基于核的跟踪。 |
| B Zitová, J Flusser. |
Image registration methods: A survey. |
又一篇图像配准的综述。做图像配准的比较有福气，综述很多 |
| K Mikolajczyk, C Schmid. |
A performance evaluation of local descriptors. |
比较各种描述子的，包括SIFT |
| M J Wainwright, M I Jordan. |
Graphical models, exponential families, and variational inference. |
乔丹的名气太大，不露露脸说不过去 |
| J Portilla, V Strela, M Wainwright, E Simoncelli. |
Image denoising using scale mixtures of gaussians in the wavelet domain. |
图像去噪，小波变换，混合高斯 |
| Robert E. Schapire |
The Boosting Approach to Machine Learning An Overview |
boosting作者自己写的综述，自然值得一看。 |
2004 年
| |
Lucas-Kanade 20 Years On A Unifying Framework |
引用文章摘要的第一句话Since the Lucas-Kanade algorithm was proposed in 1981 image alignment has become one of the most widely used techniques in computer vision. Applications range from optical flow and tracking to layered motion, mosaic construction, and face coding. |
| D G Lowe. |
Distinctive image features from scale-invariant keypoints. |
SIFT，不解释 |
| Chih-ChungChang,Chih-Jen Lin. |
LIBSVM: A library for support vectormachines |
我实在怀疑引用这篇文章的人是否都看过这篇文章。貌似不看这篇文章也可以使用 LIBSVM |
| Z Wang, A C Bovik, H R Sheikh, E P Simoncelli. |
Image quality assessment: From error visibility to structural similarity |
图像质量评价，最近 Bovik 还有一篇类似的文章也刊登在 TIP上 |
| Y Ke, R Sukthankar. |
Pca-sift: a more distinctive representation for local image descriptors |
SIFT 的变形 |
| |
Review of shape representation and description techniques |
|
| |
Efficient Graph-Based Image Segmentation |
|
2005 年
| N Dalal, B Triggs. |
Histograms of oriented gradients for human detection. |
HOG 虽然很新，但很经典 |
| A C Berg, T L Berg, J Malik. |
Shape matching and object recognition using low distortion correspondences. |
还是 shape matching |
| S Roth, M Black. |
Fields of experts: A framework for learning image priors. |
这篇应该要归结到图像统计特性的范畴吧 |
| Z Tu, X Chen,A L Yuille, S C Zhu. |
Image parsing: Unifying segmentation, detection, and recognition. |
|
| |
Geodesic active regions and level set methods for motion estimation and tracking |
|
| Chunming Li, Chenyang Xu, Changfeng Gui, and Martin D. Fox |
Level Set Evolution Without Re-initialization: A New Variational Formulation |
这篇文章解决了level set中需要不停的重初始化的问题。在 2010 年的 TIP上有一篇 Journal版本 Distance Regularized Level Set Evolution and its Application to Image Segmentation |
| |
A Performance Evaluation of Local Descriptors |
前面那篇是会议的，这篇是 PAMI上的。比较各种描述子的，包括SIFT |
2006 年
| D Donoho. |
Compressed sensing. |
CS 压缩感知 最近很火的一个名词 |
| Greg Welch, Gary Bishop. |
An introduction to the Kalman Filter. |
kalman滤波 |
| S Lazebnik, C Schmid, J Ponce. |
Beyond bags of features: spatial pyramid matching for recognizing natural scene categories. |
Visual words |
| Xiaojin Zhu. |
Semi-supervised learning literature survey. |
|
| A Yilmaz, O Javed, M Shah. |
Object Tracking: A survey. |
tracking的一篇综述 |
| |
Image Alignment and Stitching: A Tutorial |
|
2007 年
| |
A Review of Statistical Approaches to Level Set Segmentation: Integrating Color, Texture, Motion and Shape |
|
| |
The Appearance of Human Skin: A Survey |
|
| |
Local Invariant Feature Detectors: A Survey |
|
2008 年
| H Bay, A Ess, T Tuytelaars, L V Gool. |
SURF: Speeded Up Robust Features. |
|
| K E A van de Sande, T Gevers, C G M Snoek. |
Evaluation of Color Descriptors for Object and Scene Recognition |
|
| M Yang |
A Survey of Shape Feature Extraction Techniques |
虽然这篇文章的引用率目前来看并不高,但个人认为这是一篇在shape feature方面很不错的文章 |
| P.Felzenszwalb, D. McAllester, D. Ramanan |
A Discriminatively Trained, Multiscale, Deformable Part Model |
2008 年的 CVPR，到现在引用已有四百多次，潜力巨大。rosepink提供 |
2009 年
| J Wright, A Y Yang, A Ganesh, S S Sastry, Ma. |
Robust Face Recognition via Sparse Representation. |
|
| B Settles. |
Active learning literature survey |
|
2010 年
2011 年
| |
Hough Forests for Object Detection, Tracking, and Action Recognition |
|
| |
Robust Principal Component Analysis? |
Candes 和 UIUC 的Ma Yi等人 |
2012 年
| Zdenek Kalal, Krystian Mikolajczyk,and Jiri Matas, |
Tracking-Learning-Detection |
PAMI上的，虽然还没有正式发表，但肯定会火。在作者的主页上有几篇相关的会议文章， demo和code。用到了 Lucas-Kanade方法 |
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这些你都知道吗？以后给老外作报告的时候可千万别再“The equation is like this…”, “The value is like this…”
有些公式不好写，能看出来什么意思就行了。
1.Logic
∃there exist
∀for all
p⇒q p implies q / if p, then q
p⇔q p if and only if q /p is equivalent to q / p and q are equivalent
2.Sets
x∈A x belongs to A / x is an element (or a member) of A
x∉A x does not belong to A / x is not an element (or a member) of A
A⊂B A is contained in B / A is a subset of B
A⊃B A contains B / B is a subset of A
A∩B A cap B / A meet B / A intersection B
A∪B A cup B / A join B / A union B
A\B A minus B / the diference between A and B
A×B A cross B / the cartesian product of A and B
3. Real numbers
x+1 x plus one
x-1 x minus one
x±1 x plus or minus one
xy xy / x multiplied by y
(x-y)(x+y) x minus y, x plus y
= the equals sign
x=5 x equals 5 / x is equal to 5
x≠5 x (is) not equal to 5
x≡y x is equivalent to (or identical with) y
x>y x is greater than y
x≥y x is greater than or equal to y
x<y x is less than y
x≤y x is less than or equal to y
0<x<1 zero is less than x is less than 1
0≤x≤1 zero is less than or equal to x is less than or equal to 1
|x| mod x / modulus x
x2 x squared / x (raised) to the power 2
x3 x cubed
x4 x to the fourth / x to the power 4
xn x to the nth / x to the power n
x (−n) x to the (power) minus n
x的平方根(square) root x / the square root of x
x的三次根cube root (of) x
x的四次根fourth root (of) x
x的n次根nth root (of) x
(x+y)2 x plus y all squared
n! n factorial
x^x hat
x¯ x bar
x˜ x tilde
xi xi / x subscript i / x suffix i / x sub i
∑(i=1~n) ai the sum from i equals one to n ai / the sum as i runs from 1 to n of the ai
4. Linear algebra
‖x‖the norm (or modulus) of x
OA→OA / vector OA
OA¯ OA / the length of the segment OA
AT A transpose / the transpose of A
A−1 A inverse / the inverse of A
5. Functions
f(x) fx / f of x / the function f of x
f:S→T a function f from S to T
x→y x maps to y / x is sent (or mapped) to y
f’(x) f prime x / f dash x / the (first) derivative of f with respect to x
f”(x) f double-prime x / f double-dash x / the second derivative of f with respect to x
f”’(x) triple-prime x / f triple-dash x / the third derivative of f with respect to x
f (4) (x) f four x / the fourth derivative of f with respect to x
∂f/∂x1 the partial (derivative) of f with respect to x1
∂2f/∂x12 the second partial (derivative) of f with respect to x1
∫0∞ the integral from zero to infinity
limx→0the limit as x approaches zero
limx→0+the limit as x approaches zero from above
limx→0−the limit as x approaches zero from below
logey log y to the base e / log to the base e of y / natural log (of) y
lny log y to the base e / log to the base e of y / natural log (of) y
摘要: computer vision(cv) 存在ICCV/CVPR/ECCV三个顶级会议, 它们档次差不多,都应该在一流会议行列, 没有必要给个高下. 有些us的人认为ICCV/CVPR略好于ECCV,而欧洲人大都认为ICCV/ECCV略好于CVPR, 某些英国的人甚至认为BMVC好于CVPR.简言之, 三个会议差不多, 各有侧重和偏好.三者乃cv领域的旗舰和风向标,其oral paper (包括be...
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1.打开音频，从头开始，向后听。
2.一次听一小段，建议听5秒左右的长度。如果听出来了，换句话说，也就是知道是哪些单词，就写下来。
3.如果不知道是哪些单词，就再听最多5遍，如果能听出来，就写下来，如果听不出来，就查一下金山词霸，看看模糊查询里有没有正确答案。如果还没有，那么就先听后面的内容，等到整套听写都结束了之后，再看原文。如此循环往复，听完原文。
4.听写结束之后，用软件将自己听写的文本与原文进行对比，找出不同点。
5.将那些自己与原文不一致的地方，全都重新听5遍，保证这个单词的发音记在自己的脑子里。
TPO24 1
in my opinion, the popular palce is our national park.
for starters, there is a large square in the park so it is convenient for people to do outdoor activities.
For example, I always see people exercising themselves there.
The icing on the cake is there is also a lake in the park and the lake is really beautiful. It is really a good place to relax your self when you get tired in daily life.
So this is the place people like to go and the reason why people enjoy going there.
propose
proposal
TPO24 4
In the reading material, it presents a concept about flagship species. It is a particular species to represent the theatened habitat to the general public.
In the lecture, the professor uses a example to illustrate this the bird macaw.
When the trees were cut down and cleared away, the population of the bird declined and so did the other animals in the habitat.
So people strated spreading the word macow about how the bird needed help.
in the end, a lot of people contributed money and helpd the groups set up protected land.The bird and other animals were saved.
So this example illustrate the concept flagship species.
habitat
it is worth doing sth.
it is worth the money.
TPO24 6
In the lecture, the professor presents two kinds of narrators to illustrate how to tell a story.
the first narrator is objective narrator. from this kind , you can know what they do and what they say but that is all.
for example a man and a woman are going for a trip and from objective narrator you could only know what they say and what they do.You need to make readers to fill in the blank.
But in the second narraor,omniscient narrator you can know not only what they say and do, but also what they are thinking about.
For example , if the couple want to visit a friend and the man is thinking you can know the man is nervous because he hasn't seen his friend for a long time.
题目:Do you agree or disagree with the following statement:
The friends that you can have fun with are more important than the friends that you can get help from.
In my perspective, I think people who can help you are more important to someone's life because this kind of friend will play a key role to rescue you from bad situation you meet in life. And also, as you can image, in fact having fun is just one special kind of helping so according to those reasons I have to disagree the statement.
First of all, the friend who can help you will have a positive influence on you so that you can improve yourself. For example, when you are in university, a friend who can help you may study with you and you could discuss how to solve the assignment your teacher gives; And also, when you find a job, this kind of friend could teach you the skills you need in the company and this skill may be very significant so that you can have a good performance. However, another kind of friend can't do this, and in fact, usually they could have a negative effect on you because all things they know are having fun.
More importantly, a friend who can help you may give you a hand in emergency situation. In this situation, the most important thing is not your happiness but your life. All external expectation, all fear of embarrassment will fall away in the face of death. Supposing you are suffering a car accident, this kind of friend could call 911 at the first time and sent you to the hospital. But on the other hand, the other kind of friend may just watch how you are dying because they don't know how to do in this case. They know nothing but having fun. If you can't make sure your safety, according to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, you have no chance to pursue higher achievement.
But this kind of friend is still indispensable because they inevitably play a role in your life, you can receive your happiness when you get boring in your life. You can go shopping with him; you can watch movie with him; and also when you feel lonely you can go for a walk with him. But we need to emphasize is though this kind is also important, a friend who can help you is more significant in your life and you must treasure your relationship because it may last life long.
suffer
Rescue
Receive’
Negative positive
Indispensable :in/dis/pen/sable
Inevitably 不可避免的
Know - -
Emergency situation
Emphasize
Thief 小偷
1.题目:Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? People are now easier to become educated than in the past.
At present, a growing number of people will choose to study in university or at least in highschool so they could gain enough knowledge to live a good life. According to a famous survey conducted by a prestigious company called SurveyMonkey, %89.7 of people in the world have education experience in the college or in the highschool while the rate will decrease to %37.6 before World War 2.So in my opinion, I strongly agree the statement, people are easier to be educated now.
First of all, as you can image, with the development of the society, the people in 21st century have no worry about the physiological needs. It means we don't need to care much about food , water or heat source ,which is the most basic need for life and we can pay more attention on education or something you really have interest. According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, that is to say ,it will be easy for you to pursue your self-actualization, like education. However, people in the past is easier to suffer war or disease. For example, supposing you are a boy living in World War 2, would you pay much attention on education when the food or shelter is still a big problem?
More importantly, the scientific power will play a significant role in education, making it easier for people to get education. For example, you can simply search materials you need on the internet by clicking your mouse several times; you can use MSN to communicate with professors all over the world without flying to the city where the professor are; and also you are able to use some multi-media devices to help you understand the complex questions such as projector. With the help of modern science and technology, there is no doubt that we can obtain a good education in a easy way.
However, we can't hold an absolute view about this issue because human itself also play a very important role in education. Even though there are a good environment and state-of-the-art technology in modern society, it will mean nothing if you just don't want to learn. But, over all, it is true that people are easier to be educated than in the past.
错误单词:
an absolute
Scientific
Simply
True
Disease
Multi-media
Materials
21st century 22nd,23rd
如果有哪位托福大神路过能帮我改下作文,感激不尽,必有重谢!^^