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高级纹理映射技术(8)

三维场景中的物体不仅受光照影响,而且受周围环境的影响,可以映射出周围环境的图像,环境映射就是模拟物体光滑表面映射周围环境的一种技术。实际上,就是将一幅包含物体周围环境场景的纹理贴到物体表面上,这样就可以在一定程度上模拟出物体对周围环境的映射,而无须使用像光线跟踪算法这种复杂的计算技术。

在图形工业中有多种环境映射,下面介绍两种最常用的环境映射:立方体环境映射和球形环境映射。

 

立方体环境映射

立方体环境映射图有时又称为立方体映射图,是一组包含物体周围环境图像的纹理贴图,好像物体在立方体的中心。立方体环境图的每个面覆盖水平和垂直方向上各90度视角区域,一共6个面,各面的方向如下图所示:

立方体环境映射图的6个面布局如下图所示:

 

球形环境映射

球形环境映射图(或称为球形映射图)和立方体环境映射图类似,也是一幅包含周围场景图像的特殊纹理。和立方体环境映射图不同的是,球形环境映射图不直接代表物体周围的环境。球形映射图就好像通过鱼眼(fish-eye)凸透镜观察到的景象一样,是一个物体周围环境360度全方位视域的三维表现。

首先使用一张球形的背景图作为环境映射纹理,如下所示:

接着在回调函数OnCreateDevice()中加载纹理和网格模型:

V_RETURN(D3DXCreateTextureFromFile(pd3dDevice, L"spheremap.bmp", &g_env_texture));
ID3DXBuffer* material_buffer;
V_RETURN(D3DXLoadMeshFromXW(L"teapot.x", D3DXMESH_MANAGED, pd3dDevice, NULL, &material_buffer, NULL, 
&g_num_materials, &g_mesh));
D3DXMATERIAL* xmaterials = (D3DXMATERIAL*) material_buffer->GetBufferPointer();
g_mesh_materials = new D3DMATERIAL9[g_num_materials];
for(DWORD i = 0; i < g_num_materials; i++)
{
g_mesh_materials[i] = xmaterials[i].MatD3D;
	// .x file do not save ambient data, so set it here.
g_mesh_materials[i].Ambient = g_mesh_materials[i].Diffuse;
}
material_buffer->Release();

该网格模型的视觉效果如下所示:

接着在回调函数OnResetDevice()中自动生成纹理坐标,并设置纹理阶段颜色混合方法:

// set texture color blend method, disalbe alpha blend.

pd3dDevice->SetTexture(0, g_env_texture);
pd3dDevice->SetTextureStageState(0, D3DTSS_COLORARG1, D3DTA_TEXTURE);
pd3dDevice->SetTextureStageState(0, D3DTSS_COLORARG2, D3DTA_DIFFUSE);
pd3dDevice->SetTextureStageState(0, D3DTSS_COLOROP, D3DTOP_MODULATE);
pd3dDevice->SetTextureStageState(0, D3DTSS_ALPHAOP, D3DTOP_DISABLE);

pd3dDevice->SetTextureStageState(0, D3DTSS_TEXCOORDINDEX, D3DTSS_TCI_SPHEREMAP);
pd3dDevice->SetTextureStageState(0, D3DTSS_TEXTURETRANSFORMFLAGS, D3DTTFF_COUNT2);

最后在回调函数OnFrameRender()中渲染茶壶:

// Clear the render target and the zbuffer 
V( pd3dDevice->Clear(0, NULL, D3DCLEAR_TARGET | D3DCLEAR_ZBUFFER, D3DCOLOR_ARGB(0, 0, 0, 0), 1.0f, 0) );
// Render the scene
if( SUCCEEDED( pd3dDevice->BeginScene() ) )
{
for(DWORD i = 0; i < g_num_materials; i++)
{
pd3dDevice->SetMaterial(&g_mesh_materials[i]);
g_mesh->DrawSubset(i);
}
	RenderText();
	V(g_button_dlg.OnRender(fElapsedTime));
    V( pd3dDevice->EndScene() );
}

运行效果图:

球形环境纹理映射的实现比较简单,和普通纹理映射基本相同,唯一的区别是使用自动生成的球形纹理坐标。

 

主程序:

#include "dxstdafx.h"
#include 
"resource.h"

#pragma warning(disable : 
4127 4995 4996)

#define release_com(p)    do { if(p) { (p)->Release(); (p) = NULL; } } while(0)

#define IDC_TOGGLE_FULLSCREEN        1
#define IDC_TOGGLE_REF                2
#define IDC_CHANGE_DEVICE            3

const D3DXCOLOR FONT_COLOR(1.0f0.5f0.25f1.0f);

ID3DXFont
*                    g_font;
ID3DXSprite
*                g_text_sprite;
bool                        g_show_help;

CDXUTDialogResourceManager    g_dlg_resource_manager;
CD3DSettingsDlg                g_settings_dlg;
CDXUTDialog                    g_button_dlg;

ID3DXMesh
*                    g_mesh;
D3DMATERIAL9
*                g_mesh_materials;
DWORD                        g_num_materials;
IDirect3DTexture9
*            g_env_texture;

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Rejects any devices that aren't acceptable by returning false
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
bool CALLBACK IsDeviceAcceptable( D3DCAPS9* pCaps, D3DFORMAT AdapterFormat, 
                                  D3DFORMAT BackBufferFormat, 
bool bWindowed, void* pUserContext )
{
    
// Typically want to skip backbuffer formats that don't support alpha blending

    IDirect3D9
* pD3D = DXUTGetD3DObject(); 

    
if( FAILED( pD3D->CheckDeviceFormat( pCaps->AdapterOrdinal, pCaps->DeviceType, AdapterFormat, 
                    D3DUSAGE_QUERY_POSTPIXELSHADER_BLENDING, D3DRTYPE_TEXTURE, BackBufferFormat ) ) )
        
return false;

    
return true;
}


//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Before a device is created, modify the device settings as needed.
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
bool CALLBACK ModifyDeviceSettings( DXUTDeviceSettings* pDeviceSettings, const D3DCAPS9* pCaps, void* pUserContext )
{
    
// If video card does not support hardware vertex processing, then uses sofaware vertex processing.
    if((pCaps->DevCaps & D3DDEVCAPS_HWTRANSFORMANDLIGHT) == 0)
        pDeviceSettings
->BehaviorFlags = D3DCREATE_SOFTWARE_VERTEXPROCESSING;

    
static bool is_first_time = true;

    
if(is_first_time)
    {
        is_first_time 
= false;

        
// if using reference device, then pop a warning message box.
        if(pDeviceSettings->DeviceType == D3DDEVTYPE_REF)
            DXUTDisplaySwitchingToREFWarning();
    }

    
return true;
}


//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Create any D3DPOOL_MANAGED resources here 
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
HRESULT CALLBACK OnCreateDevice( IDirect3DDevice9* pd3dDevice, 
                                 
const D3DSURFACE_DESC* pBackBufferSurfaceDesc, 
                                 
void* pUserContext )
{
    HRESULT    hr;

    V_RETURN(g_dlg_resource_manager.OnCreateDevice(pd3dDevice));
    V_RETURN(g_settings_dlg.OnCreateDevice(pd3dDevice));

    D3DXCreateFont(pd3dDevice, 
180, FW_BOLD, 1, FALSE, DEFAULT_CHARSET, OUT_DEFAULT_PRECIS, DEFAULT_QUALITY,
                   DEFAULT_PITCH 
| FF_DONTCARE, L"Arial"&g_font);

    V_RETURN(D3DXCreateTextureFromFile(pd3dDevice, L
"spheremap.bmp"&g_env_texture));
    
    ID3DXBuffer
* material_buffer;

    V_RETURN(D3DXLoadMeshFromXW(L
"teapot.x", D3DXMESH_MANAGED, pd3dDevice, NULL, &material_buffer, NULL, 
                                
&g_num_materials, &g_mesh));

    D3DXMATERIAL
* xmaterials = (D3DXMATERIAL*) material_buffer->GetBufferPointer();
    g_mesh_materials 
= new D3DMATERIAL9[g_num_materials];

    
for(DWORD i = 0; i < g_num_materials; i++)
    {
        g_mesh_materials[i] 
= xmaterials[i].MatD3D;

        
// .x file do not save ambient data, so set it here.
        g_mesh_materials[i].Ambient = g_mesh_materials[i].Diffuse; 
    }

    material_buffer
->Release();

    
return S_OK;
}


//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Create any D3DPOOL_DEFAULT resources here 
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
HRESULT CALLBACK OnResetDevice( IDirect3DDevice9* pd3dDevice, 
                                
const D3DSURFACE_DESC* pBackBufferSurfaceDesc, 
                                
void* pUserContext )
{
    HRESULT hr;

    V_RETURN(g_dlg_resource_manager.OnResetDevice());
    V_RETURN(g_settings_dlg.OnResetDevice());
    V_RETURN(g_font
->OnResetDevice());
    V_RETURN(D3DXCreateSprite(pd3dDevice, 
&g_text_sprite));

    
// set dialog position and size

    g_button_dlg.SetLocation(pBackBufferSurfaceDesc
->Width - 1700);
    g_button_dlg.SetSize(
170170);

    
// setup view matrix

    D3DXMATRIX mat_view;
    D3DXVECTOR3 eye(
0.0f300.0f220.0f);
    D3DXVECTOR3  at(
0.0f0.0f,  50.0f);
    D3DXVECTOR3  up(
0.0f0.0f,  1.0f);

    D3DXMatrixLookAtLH(
&mat_view, &eye, &at, &up);
    pd3dDevice
->SetTransform(D3DTS_VIEW, &mat_view);

    
// set projection matrix
    D3DXMATRIX mat_proj;
    
float aspect = (float)pBackBufferSurfaceDesc->Width / pBackBufferSurfaceDesc->Height;
    D3DXMatrixPerspectiveFovLH(
&mat_proj, D3DX_PI/4, aspect, 1.0f1000.0f);
    pd3dDevice
->SetTransform(D3DTS_PROJECTION, &mat_proj);

    
// setup material

    D3DMATERIAL9 material;
    ZeroMemory(
&material, sizeof(D3DMATERIAL9));

    material.Diffuse.r 
= material.Ambient.r = 1.0f;
    material.Diffuse.g 
= material.Ambient.g = 1.0f;
    material.Diffuse.b 
= material.Ambient.b = 1.0f;
    material.Diffuse.a 
= material.Ambient.a = 1.0f;

    pd3dDevice
->SetMaterial(&material);

    
// setup light

    D3DLIGHT9 light;
    ZeroMemory(
&light, sizeof(D3DLIGHT9));

    light.Type       
= D3DLIGHT_DIRECTIONAL;
    light.Diffuse.r  
= 1.0f;
    light.Diffuse.g  
= 1.0f;
    light.Diffuse.b  
= 1.0f;
    light.Range      
= 1000.0f;

    D3DXVECTOR3 light_dir(
10.0f-10.0f-10.0f);        
    D3DXVec3Normalize((D3DXVECTOR3
*&light.Direction, &light_dir);
    
    pd3dDevice
->SetLight(0&light);
    pd3dDevice
->LightEnable(0, TRUE);  

    pd3dDevice
->SetRenderState(D3DRS_AMBIENT, 0x00FF8080);

    
// set texture color blend method, disalbe alpha blend.

    pd3dDevice
->SetTexture(0, g_env_texture);    
    pd3dDevice
->SetTextureStageState(0, D3DTSS_COLORARG1,        D3DTA_TEXTURE);    
    pd3dDevice
->SetTextureStageState(0, D3DTSS_COLORARG2,        D3DTA_DIFFUSE);    
    pd3dDevice
->SetTextureStageState(0, D3DTSS_COLOROP,            D3DTOP_MODULATE);    
    pd3dDevice
->SetTextureStageState(0, D3DTSS_ALPHAOP,            D3DTOP_DISABLE);
    
    pd3dDevice
->SetTextureStageState(0, D3DTSS_TEXCOORDINDEX,            D3DTSS_TCI_SPHEREMAP);    
    pd3dDevice
->SetTextureStageState(0, D3DTSS_TEXTURETRANSFORMFLAGS,    D3DTTFF_COUNT2);

    
return S_OK;
}

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Release resources created in the OnResetDevice callback here 
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
void CALLBACK OnLostDevice( void* pUserContext )
{
    g_dlg_resource_manager.OnLostDevice();
    g_settings_dlg.OnLostDevice();
    g_font
->OnLostDevice();

    release_com(g_text_sprite);
}


//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Release resources created in the OnCreateDevice callback here
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
void CALLBACK OnDestroyDevice( void* pUserContext )
{
    g_dlg_resource_manager.OnDestroyDevice();
    g_settings_dlg.OnDestroyDevice();    

    delete[] g_mesh_materials;
    g_mesh_materials 
= NULL;

    release_com(g_font);
    release_com(g_mesh);
    release_com(g_env_texture);
}

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Handle updates to the scene
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
void CALLBACK OnFrameMove( IDirect3DDevice9* pd3dDevice, double fTime, float fElapsedTime, void* pUserContext )
{
}

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Render the helper information
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
void RenderText()
{
    CDXUTTextHelper text_helper(g_font, g_text_sprite, 
20);
    
    text_helper.Begin();

    
// show frame and device states
    text_helper.SetInsertionPos(55);
    text_helper.SetForegroundColor(FONT_COLOR);
    text_helper.DrawTextLine( DXUTGetFrameStats(
true) );
    text_helper.DrawTextLine( DXUTGetDeviceStats() );

    
// show helper information
    
    
const D3DSURFACE_DESC* surface_desc = DXUTGetBackBufferSurfaceDesc();

    
if(g_show_help)
    {
        text_helper.SetInsertionPos(
10, surface_desc->Height - 18 * 5);
        text_helper.SetForegroundColor(FONT_COLOR);
        text_helper.DrawTextLine(L
"Controls (F1 to hide):");
        
        text_helper.SetInsertionPos(
40, surface_desc->Height - 18 * 4);
        text_helper.DrawTextLine(L
"Quit: ESC");
    }
    
else
    {
        text_helper.SetInsertionPos(
10, surface_desc->Height - 15 * 4);
        text_helper.SetForegroundColor( D3DXCOLOR(
1.0f1.0f1.0f1.0f) );
        text_helper.DrawTextLine(L
"Press F1 for help");
    }

    text_helper.End();
}

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Render the scene 
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
void CALLBACK OnFrameRender( IDirect3DDevice9* pd3dDevice, double fTime, float fElapsedTime, void* pUserContext )
{
    HRESULT hr;

    
if(g_settings_dlg.IsActive())
    {
        g_settings_dlg.OnRender(fElapsedTime);
        
return;
    }

    
float time = timeGetTime() / 1000.0f;

    D3DXMATRIX mat_world;    
    D3DXMatrixRotationYawPitchRoll(
&mat_world, time, time, time);
    pd3dDevice
->SetTransform(D3DTS_WORLD, &mat_world);

    
// Clear the render target and the zbuffer 
    V( pd3dDevice->Clear(0, NULL, D3DCLEAR_TARGET | D3DCLEAR_ZBUFFER, D3DCOLOR_ARGB(0000), 1.0f0) );

    
// Render the scene
    if( SUCCEEDED( pd3dDevice->BeginScene() ) )
    {
        
for(DWORD i = 0; i < g_num_materials; i++)
        {
            pd3dDevice
->SetMaterial(&g_mesh_materials[i]);
            g_mesh
->DrawSubset(i);
        }

        RenderText();

        V(g_button_dlg.OnRender(fElapsedTime));

        V( pd3dDevice
->EndScene() );
    }
}


//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Handle messages to the application 
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
LRESULT CALLBACK MsgProc( HWND hWnd, UINT uMsg, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam, 
                          
bool* pbNoFurtherProcessing, void* pUserContext )
{
    
*pbNoFurtherProcessing = g_dlg_resource_manager.MsgProc(hWnd, uMsg, wParam, lParam);
    
if(*pbNoFurtherProcessing)
        
return 0;

    
if(g_settings_dlg.IsActive())
    {
        g_settings_dlg.MsgProc(hWnd, uMsg, wParam, lParam);
        
return 0;
    }

    
*pbNoFurtherProcessing = g_button_dlg.MsgProc(hWnd, uMsg, wParam, lParam);
    
if(*pbNoFurtherProcessing)
        
return 0;

    
return 0;
}


//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Handle keybaord event
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
void CALLBACK OnKeyboardProc(UINT charater, bool is_key_down, bool is_alt_down, void* user_context)
{
    
if(is_key_down)
    {
        
switch(charater)
        {
        
case VK_F1:
            g_show_help 
= !g_show_help;
            
break;
        }
    }
}

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Handle events for controls
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
void CALLBACK OnGUIEvent(UINT eventint control_id, CDXUTControl* control, void* user_context)
{
    
switch(control_id)
    {
    
case IDC_TOGGLE_FULLSCREEN:
        DXUTToggleFullScreen();
        
break;

    
case IDC_TOGGLE_REF:
        DXUTToggleREF();
        
break;

    
case IDC_CHANGE_DEVICE:
        g_settings_dlg.SetActive(
true);
        
break;
    }
}

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Initialize dialogs
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
void InitDialogs()
{
    g_settings_dlg.Init(
&g_dlg_resource_manager);
    g_button_dlg.Init(
&g_dlg_resource_manager);

    g_button_dlg.SetCallback(OnGUIEvent);

    
int x = 35, y = 10, width = 125, height = 22;

    g_button_dlg.AddButton(IDC_TOGGLE_FULLSCREEN, L
"Toggle full screen", x, y,         width, height);
    g_button_dlg.AddButton(IDC_TOGGLE_REF,          L
"Toggle REF (F3)",     x, y += 24, width, height);
    g_button_dlg.AddButton(IDC_CHANGE_DEVICE,      L
"Change device (F2)", x, y += 24, width, height, VK_F2);    
}

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Initialize everything and go into a render loop
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
INT WINAPI WinMain( HINSTANCE, HINSTANCE, LPSTR, int )
{
    
// Enable run-time memory check for debug builds.
#if defined(DEBUG) | defined(_DEBUG)
    _CrtSetDbgFlag( _CRTDBG_ALLOC_MEM_DF 
| _CRTDBG_LEAK_CHECK_DF );
#endif

    
// Set the callback functions
    DXUTSetCallbackDeviceCreated( OnCreateDevice );
    DXUTSetCallbackDeviceReset( OnResetDevice );
    DXUTSetCallbackDeviceLost( OnLostDevice );
    DXUTSetCallbackDeviceDestroyed( OnDestroyDevice );
    DXUTSetCallbackMsgProc( MsgProc );
    DXUTSetCallbackFrameRender( OnFrameRender );
    DXUTSetCallbackFrameMove( OnFrameMove );
    DXUTSetCallbackKeyboard(OnKeyboardProc);
   
    
// TODO: Perform any application-level initialization here
    InitDialogs();

    
// Initialize DXUT and create the desired Win32 window and Direct3D device for the application
    DXUTInit( truetruetrue ); // Parse the command line, handle the default hotkeys, and show msgboxes
    DXUTSetCursorSettings( truetrue ); // Show the cursor and clip it when in full screen
    DXUTCreateWindow( L"Spherical Environment Mapping" );
    DXUTCreateDevice( D3DADAPTER_DEFAULT, 
true640480, IsDeviceAcceptable, ModifyDeviceSettings );

    
// Start the render loop
    DXUTMainLoop();

    
// TODO: Perform any application-level cleanup here

    
return DXUTGetExitCode();
}

 

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posted on 2008-05-21 14:35 lovedday 阅读(2423) 评论(0)  编辑 收藏 引用


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