小默

 

A

a2p - Transforms awk scripts to perl scripts, and shows the result on STDOUT.

ab - Benchmarks your Apache server by sending requestsa to it.

access - Checks whether if a file can be accessed. Exits successfully if the file can be accessed with the specified mode.

actctrl - Configures the IBM Active 2000 ISDN device driver and downloads firmware into the ISDN card.

addftinfo - Reads troff font file and adds font metric information that is used by the groff system.

addr - Shows information about network addresses. Will show you the hexadecimal format of the IP address.

addr2line - Shows file names and line numbers for a specified program addresses.

adduser - Create a user for your system.

adsl-connect - Is a user-space PPPoE client. It manages an ADSL connection and reestablishes a dropped connection.

adsl-setup - Is a PPPoE client configuration script. It is used for the adsl-start, adsl-stop and adsl-connect scripts.

adsl-start - Starts the Roaring Penguin user-space PPPoE client.

adsl-status - Shows status of the PPPoE link that was established by the Roaring Penguin user-space PPPoE client.

adsl-stop - Stops the Roaring Penguin user-space PPPoE client.

afm2tfm - Used to convert an Adobe font metric file to TeX font metric format.

ali - Shows addresses for mail aliases.

alias - Creates an alias for a command. If options aren't specified it will show all aliases.

allneeded - Forces the calculation of all fonts that are needed to preview a set of dvi files.

alloc - Shows how much memory is used and free.

anacron - Runs commands periodically.

answer - Is a utility that secretaries can use for easily creating emails while recieving a phone call.

apm - Shows power status and can configure the server in standby or suspend mode.

apmd - Is a monitor daemon and works together with the APM BIOS driver in the OS kernel.

apmsleep - Sets the computer in suspend or sleep mode.

appres - Shows how much resources are used by a specific application.

apropos - Shows all manual pages that contain the specified keywords, including the section number and a short description.

ar - Creates and updates library files. It combines files into a single archive file.

arch - Shows the hardware architecture of the current host.

arp - Shows and alters the ARP table which is used to map MAC addresses to their assigned IP addresses.

arping - Pings the destination address using arp packets on the specified interface.

arpsnmp - Saves the Ethernet/IP address pairings. Logs the activity to syslog and sends a report of the changes by e-mail.

arpwatch - Saves the Ethernet/IP address pairs. Logs the activity to syslog and sends a report of the changes by e-mail.

as - Is an assembler that will create object files using assembly language source files as input.

as86 - Assembles code for the 8086 to 80386 processors.

ascii-xfr - Sends or receives files in ASCII mode.

ash, bsh - Is a shell similar to sh with similar features as system V shell.

askrunlevel - Allows selection of the operation mode at boot time.

aspell - Checks for misspelled words. It has filter for e-mail, sgml, and TeX.

aspell (2) - More options.

at - Schedules commands to be executed at a later time.

atd - Runs jobs that are queued by at.

atq - Shows any queued at jobs for the current user or for a specified user.

atrm - Removes jobs from the at or batch queues.

atrun - Runs jobs that are queued by the at command to run later. It is used for backward compatibility.

authconfig - Configures /etc/sysconfig/network to support NIS.

autoexpect - Inspects your actions in a command and creates an expect script that recreates your interactions.

avmcapictrl - Configures active AVM ISA cards.

avmcapictrl(2) - Loads the firmware to an active AVM ISA card.

B

badblocks - Searches a device for bad blocks.

banner - Shows the specified strings in large letters on STDOUT.

basename - Removes the prefix and suffix from a string and shows the output to STDOUT.

bash, sh - Is a free version of Bourne-shell with many features from C- TC- and Korn shell.

bashbug - Creates and sends bug reports about the bash shell to the address specified.

batch - Executes commands at a future time when the system load level permits. The commands is read from STDIN.

bc - Reads a file or STDIN and uses a C-like arithmetic language. Acts as a pre-processor for the command dc.

bcc - It is the Bruce's C compiler. A simple C compile that use K&R C syntax.

bdftopcf - Compiles a font for the X server and the font server. It converts BDF-fonts into PCF-fonts.

bg - Places the specified job in the background.

bind - Shows or binds key sequence to readline function or macro.

bindkey - Binds keys to an edit command. All bindings will be shown if no options is specified.

bison - Generates a parser program for specified grammar file.

bltin - Runs the internal command in the shell.

break - Exits from a for, foreach, while, select or until loop.

builtin - Forces the use of a shell that builtin commands.

builtins - Shows all built-in commands in tcsh.

bunzip2 - Decompresses bzip2 files.

burst - Allows a message to be split into several new messages.

bzcat - Decompresses a bzip2 file to STDOUT.

bzip2 - Compresses, decompresses or tests bzip2 files.

bzip2recover - Recovers data from a damaged bzip2 compressed file.

C

c++ - Is a complete compiler for C, C++, and assembler.

c++filt - Organizes the C++ symbols.

cal - Shows the calendar for a selected month in the year, or the entire year.

cancel - Terminates a printer job.

captoinfo - Searches file for termcap descriptions and shows the equivalent terminfo description with any comments.

cardctl - Administers and controls the state of PCMCIA sockets.

cardmgr - Manages and monitors PCMCIA card sockets and does automatic installation/uninstallation.

case - Matches each pattern successively against the word and run the commands when the first match is found.

cat - Shows files and can also combine several files into one file.

cc - Is the C and C++ Compiler for Linux. See gcc or g++ for complete information.

cd, chdir - Changes the working directory. If no directory is specified $HOME is used.

cdecl - Encodes or decodes C or C++ type declarations.

cdp, cdplay - Controls and plays audio CDs interactively or non interactively.

cdparanoia - Reads audio tracks from a CD-ROM drive that is CDDA compatible.

cdrecord - Records data or audio to a CD-ROM with the specified CD recorder.

cfdisk - Controls and alters partitions on hard disk drives by use of interactive menus.

chage - Alters or shows the user password expiry information for the specified user.

charset - Changes one of the two slots for character sets.

chat - Controls a conversation automatically between two computers over a modem connection.

chattr - Alters the file attributes on a Linux second extended file system.

checkalias - Shows information about mail aliases.

checkpc - Administers information about entries in the printcap database.

chfn - Changes your finger information.

chgrp - Sets or changes the group ID for the file or files specified.

chkconfig - Administers runlevel information for system services.

chkfontpath - Configures the directories in the X font server path.

chmod - Alters or assigns permissions to a file.

chown - Alters the ownership ID of files and also sets the group ID if it is specified.

chpasswd - Updates the passwords for a group of users with name and password pairs from STDIN.

chroot - Alters the root directory for a command.

chsh - Changes your login shell.

chvt - Changes foreground virtual screen.

ci - Stores revisions in the specified revision control system files.

cjpeg - Creates a JPEG/JFIF image from a specified image file or from STDIN.

cksum - Calculates the checksum (CRC) and number of octets for each input file.

clear - Clears the screen of all information if not disabled by your terminal environment.

clockdiff - Measures clock difference between computers with the resolution of 1 msec.

cmp - Compares two files of any type and shows the line number and byte where the files differ.

co - Checks out a revision from a RCS file and stores it in the corresponding working file.

codepage - Extracts code pages from a file.

col - Converts spaces to Tabs or Tabs to spaces in text files to create or modify columns.

colcrt - Removes underlines or shows them on new lines filtering the nroff file for a CRT preview.

colrm - Deletes selected columns from a file reading from STDIN to STDOUT.

column - Formats input into multiple columns.

combine - Combines images together with new image.

comm - Compares two files and shows you the unique and common lines from both files.

command - Executes the command and will disable lookup functions in the current shell. It can also give information on how the command will be interpreted by the shell.

comp - Creates a mail message with a preconfigured form.

compgen - Generates possible completion matches for the specified word according to the option.

complete - Declares how a command should be completed. Use the Tab key to perform the completion on the command line.

compress - Compresses the size of a file and replaces the old file with a new file with the extension .Z. The new file will inherit the same permissions and modification times from the original file.

[[./configure]] - Runs a script that searches $PATH's in your system to setup certain configuration options to then pass to the Makefile via the make command. This is generally run while compiling applications.

conflict - Reports conflicts between nmh and the mail transport system.

consolechars - Changes console screen font, screenfont map, and / or application-charset map.

consolehelper - Authenticates users via PAM and runs the program specified including any options the command may have.

consoletype - Shows the screen (console) type that is currently connected to STDIN.

continue - Doesn't run the remaining commands in the loop and continue to the next iteration. Can be used in the commands for, while, until, select and foreach.

convert - Converts image formats, colors, sizes, creates filter effects, rotations, sequences, and more.

cp - Copies files and directories to a new destination.

cpio - Copies files into and out of a cpio archive. It operates in three different modes.

cpp - Is a C language preprocessor that insert include files in the source code of the source file creating a single file.

cproto - Creates C function prototypes and converts function definitions.

createdb - Creates databases on a postgres server.

createlang - Adds new programming languages to the specified postgres database.

createuser - Creates users in a postgres database.

cron, crond - Starts the cron daemon used to execute commands at scheduled dates and times specified in the crontab file.

crontab - Views, creates, deletes, or edits the crontab file which contains a list of jobs including the time and the date when they will execute. Reads from STDIN if option isn't given.

csplit - Splits whole or parts of a file into new files.

ctags, etags - Inserts tags into programming source code files f that can act as markers making it easier to find section headings quickly and edit them using ex or vi.

ctrlaltdel - Sets the function of the Ctrl+Alt+Del buttons used when rebooting a computer.

cut - Selects fields or columns from a text file or a table and shows the result to STDOUT.

cvs - Is a version control and logging system for files or directory tree structures including any versionable files.

cvsbug - Sends a CVS problem report to a central support site that runs GNATS.

cytune - Configures the interruption threshold for the Cyclades driver.

D

date - Shows current date and time or sets the date and time on your computer.

dbmmanage - Manages DBM files with user names and passwords to authenticate HTTP users.

dc - Is a calculator that use reverse-polish notation. It use a stack to performs calculations.

dd - Copies and converts an input file to an output file.

ddate - Shows the date in the discordian date format.

deallocvt - Disconnects the specified virtual terminal or terminals.

debugfs - Debugs the ext2 file system specified.

depmod- Controls dependency descriptions for loadable kernel modules.

diction - Analyzes text files for stylistic errors

df - Shows used and free disk space for all file systems or the one specified.

dga - Tests video modes for X-window by filling the screen with different colors each time a key is pressed.

dhcpcd - Manages requests for an IP address from a DHCP server.

dhcrelay - Forwards BOOTP and DHCP requests from one subnet to another subnet.

dialog - Shows boxes containing questions or messages from the shell.

diff - Compares two text files in every line.

diff3 - Compares the difference between three files.

diffstat - Creates statistic histograms from diff output.dig, also gathers information from the DNS servers in interactive or batch mode.

dip - Controls dial-up or dial-in PPP connections. It dials using a specified dial-up script.

diplogin - Specifies the user name to login to the dial-in server that exists in the file /etc/diphosts.

dir - Shows files in the current directory or a specified directory.

dircolors - Shows or sets LS_COLORS environment variable.

dirname - Shows everything up to the last level of the given path name.

dirs - Shows the directory stack with the most recent one to the left.

dislocate - Disconnects a session without logging off to enable you to reconnect to the same session from another location.

disown - Removes the specified job from the active job list.

display - Shows images on the screen in X-window. Multiple images can be shown.

djpeg - decompresses the JPEG file specified and creates an image file on the STDOUT.

dmesg - Examines and controls the kernel ring buffer.

dnsdomainname - Shows the domain that you are in.

dnskeygen - Creates and maintains public, private, and shared secret keys for DNS servers.

dnsquery - Shows information about nameservers through BIND resolver library calls.

doexec - Runs a specified command showing it with another name passing the arguments provided.

domainname - Sets or shows the domain your system is configured for.

dos2unix - Convert a text file from dos to unix format.

dosfsck, fsck.msdos - Checks a DOS file system; can also be used to fix damaged DOS file systems.

dp - Converts dates fitting the ARPA Internet standard (822 format).

dropdb - Removes a postgres database specified from the system.

droplang - Connects to a postgres database and removes a selected programming language.

dropuser - Connects to a postgres database and removes the specified user.

du - Shows disk usage for a directory and its subdirectories.

dump, rdump - Is a backup program that examines files in an ext2 file system and determines if the files need to be backed up.

dumpe2fs - Shows the super block and blocks group information of a file system present on a device.

dumpkeys - Shows the contents of the keyboard translation tables on STDOUT.

E

e2fsck, fsck.ext2 - Checks Linux second extended file systems.

e2label - Shows or changes the label of an ext2 filesystem.

echo - Copies the written string to the screen. Exist as internal in all shells.

echotc - Exercises the terminal capabilities arguments.

ecpg - Is a preprocessor for embedded SQL code within C and Postgres programs.

ed - Is a line based editor. It is often used to edit files automatically in a script.

edquota - Manages user quotas for a ufs file system.

egrep - Shows lines from the file that matches the given pattern using full regular expressions.

eiconctrl - Configures active Eicon ISDN cards.

eject - Ejects floppies and CDs from their drives. Works for VM managed devices and devices without eject buttons.

elksemu - Emulates 8086 ELKS programs on an i386.

elm - Is an interactive mailer program that takes the place of mail and mailx.

elmalias - Shows information on specified elm aliases.

emacs - Edits text files, read and send mail, perform outline edits, compiles and run subshells.

enable - Enables or disables internal commands.

env - Alters the current environment and invokes a utility or shows the current environment.

eqn, geqn]] - Preprocesses files for troff which contain mathematics equations.

eval - Reads the argument as input to the shell and runs the resulting commands.

ex, e - Is a line base text editor. It is able to work on several files at the same time.

exec - Runs a command in place of the current shell. Usually another shell.

exit -Exits a shell or shell script with an exit status.

expand - Replaces Tabs with spaces in text files. If no input files are specified STDIN will be used.

expect - Is used to automatically control interactive programs. It acts by reading commands from a file.

expectk - Is used to automatically control interactive programs. Is the same as expect, With Tk support.

export - Exports a shell variable to environment.

exportfs - Controls the exported file system table for NFS.

expr - Evaluates an expression and show the result to STDOUT.

extcompose - Creates a file containing a reference to external files on the computer.

F

factor - Finds the prime factor of a number. Also shows if the number is a prime factor.

faillog - Manages the summary of failures in /var/log/faillog.

false - Provides a false value in scripts, does nothing but always exits with a non zero-value.

fastmail - Sends e-mails fast in a batch to a large group of receivers.

fc - Reruns, edits or lists commands that have recently been used. With no options, edits and runs the last command.

fdformat - Formats new diskettes.

fdisk - Handles partiton tables. If no arguments is specified, an interactive prompt will be used.

fetchmail - Retrieves mail from POP, IMAP, or ETRN servers and forwards it to your local mail agent.

fg - Resumes the execution of a stopped job in the foreground. Without an argument the current job is used.

fgconsole - Shows you the number of the active virtual terminal.

fgrep - Shows lines form the file that matches the given pattern.

file - Performs tests on each file that you have specified to determine what file type it is.

filetest - Tests a file for different things.

find - Finds files in the specified directories and subdirectories using the Boolean expression from the input line.

findsmb - Shows information about computers on the network running MS Windows operating systems.

finger, safe_finger - Shows information about logged in users.

flex, flex++, lex - Creates a scanner program that recognizes lexical patterns in a text.

fmt - Is a text formatter. It will take the text from the file and produce output lines that are joined in the correct way.

fold - Breaks lines in text files to the specified width.

folder, folders - Shows the current folder and information about the messages in it.

for - Is used to go trough each word in the list, assign the value to variable and run the commands.

foreach - Is used to go trough each word in the list, assign the value to variable and run the commands.

fortune -Shows an interesting or funny phrase from various people randomly each time you execute it.

free - Shows the amount of free and used memory in the system.

fsck - Checks file systems for inconsistencies and repair them.

fsck.minix - Checks the minix file system for consistency.

fsinfo - Shows information including the capabilities about X font servers on the network.

fslsfonts - Shows the fonts on the font server that match the pattern specified. Wildcards (*) can be used.

fstobdf - Creates BDF fonts from an X font server. Debugs font and re-create BDF files.

ftl_check - Shows bookkeeping information for a Flash Translation Layer partition.

ftl_format - Formats a Flash Translation Layer partition on a flash memory device.

ftp - Transfers files from a remote network. It uses the File Transfer Protocol.

ftpcount - Shows current number of users using the FTP server.

ftprestart - Automatically restarts shutdown FTP servers.

ftpshut - Is an automatic shutdown procedure that notifies FTP users when the server is shutting down.

ftpwho - Shows information about the current processes for each FTP user.

function - Defines function in a shell.

funzip - Extracts the first file from a zip archive within a pipe to the standard, or specified, input.

fuser - Shows all processes that are using the specified files or file systems.

G

g++ - Is the C++ compiler version of gcc. It assumes that the preprocessed files .i are in C++.

g77, f77 - Is the GNU Fortran compiler. This can also be started using f77.

gawk, awk - Is a processing language from GNU built from awk and supports all of the options found in awk.

gcc - Is the GNU C/C++ compiler. It assumes that the preprocessed .i files are C based.

gcj - the GCC Java compiler - will compile Java programs all the way to normal binaries.

gdb - Is the GNU debugger program. This can start a specified program and modify its behavior.

gendiff - Generates a diff file that contains the differences between two directories.

genksyms - Creates a file with version information by first running gcc -E on it.

getconf - Retrieves current configuration values and show them to STDOUT.

getent - Retrieves entries using keywords that must already exist from a system configuration file.

getfilename - Uses a file in the specified format, then creates a copy of it using the specified file name.

getkeycodes - Shows kernel scan-code to key-code mapping table. Can be used to define functions of special keys.

getopt - Cleans up and checks options given to a shell script. It split option given together and place each option in its own variable. Any additional arguments is placed after --

getopts - Will retrieve or set environment options and process them from the command line. The values specified by name and the index of the next arguments are placed into the shell variable OPTIND.

gettext - Gets the domain name variable from a message object made by msgfmt.

gif2tiff - Creates a TIFF image file from a GIF image file.

glob - Performs file name expansion on the words. The result is separated by a NULL-character.

goto - Jumps to label in a shell script.

gpasswd - Administers the /etc/group and /etc/gshadow files.

gpg - Is the main security program for the GNUPG system and can check, sign, encrypt and decrypt.

gphoto - Administers picture handling with digital cameras. Can also be used with Web cameras and in scripts.

gpm - Enables the mouse in screen mode and sets various attributes such as baud rate and mouse type.

gpm-root - Allows Control-Mouse events to be able to draw menus during screen mode.

gprof - Shows an execution (call-graph) profile of a program. It can also create files containing portions of this information.

grep - Shows lines from the file that matches the given pattern.

grodvi - Is a groff driver that creates TeX dvi files that can then be printed out.

groff - Is the front end to the document formatting system used by groff.

grog - Guesses which groff option is required for printing a specific file and sends this answer to STDOUT.

grolj4 - Is a groff driver that is used for creating output that can be printed onto an HP LaserJet 4 type printer.

grops - Translates GNU troff output into PostScript.

grotty - Translates GNU troff output into a simple printer format.

groupadd - Creates a new group definition on the system.

groupdel - Deletes a specified group definition in the system.

groupmod - Alter's a specific group definition on the system.

groups - Shows the groups that a user is a member of.

grpck - Checks the integrity of the /etc/group and /etc/gshadow files.

grpconv - Updates the /etc/gshadow if the /etc/group file has been changed manually.

grpunconv - Creates the /etc/group file from the /etc/gshadow file, then removes the /etc/gshadow file.

gs - Starts Ghostscript and reads Adobe Systems PostScript and PDF files.

gtbl - Compiles descriptions of any tables that are embedded inside troff files.

gunzip - Extracts files created by gzip, zip, compress or pack.

gv - Allows you to view PostScript and PDF documents.

gzexe - Compresses executable files into a self extracting archive.

gzip - Compresses files with Lempel Ziv-coding.

H

h2ph - Converts the specified C header files into Perl header file format.

h2xs - Creates Perl extensions from C header files.

halt - Writes any remaining data in memory to the disks and then stops the computer.

hash - Shows or changes information in the internal hash table that stores information about executed commands.

hashstat - Show information about how effective the internal hash table is.

hdparm - Sets or retrieves hard drive parameters.

head - Show lines from the beginning of each file on the screen.

help - Shows help information about internal commands.

hexdump - Dumps a file in hexadecimal format on the screen.

hisaxctrl - Setups the HiSax-ISDN device driver, if you are using the HiSax driver.

history - Shows a list of previously used commands, and can optionally execute them again.

host - Looks up hostnames or IP-addresses using name servers.

hostid - Shows na identifier for the current host in hexadecimal format.

hostname - Sets or shows the hostname for the computer.

hpftodit - Uses an HP tagged font metric file and creates a font file for use with groff -Tlj4.

htdigest - Manages HTTP user authentication files.

htpasswd - Manages HTTP user authentication.

httpd - Is the Apache internet Web server.

hup - Allows a command to catch a hangup signal. This is the opposite of nohup.

hwclock, clock - Shows and configures the hardware clock.

I

ibench - Shows how many connections the daemon can manage during a specified time. Will also identify users.

iceauth - Modifies or shows authorization information to connect with ICE.

id - Shows the userID and groupID of the user that you specify.

ident - Searches for RCS keyword strings in files.

if - Makes a decision inside a shell script. If the first expr is true run the first commands. If not check the next expr and so on. If no expr was true run commands after then.

ifcfg - Configures the Ethernet interfaces.

ifconfig - Configures network interface parameters or show the status for network interface.

ifdown - Deactivates a network interface.

ifport - Set or views the transceiver type for the network interface.

ifup - Activates a network interface.

ifuser - Shows whether any of the specified hosts are routed through the specified interface.

igawk - Adds the ability to have include files in gawk. It accepts all gawk options. Gawk also includes additional options from Bell Labs and GNU specific options.

imon - Monitors your ISDN activities.

imontty - Shows the status of all ISDN lines.

import - Captures some or all of an X server screen and saves it to a file.

in.fingerd, fingerd - Is the daemon the manages the finger protocol.

in.ftpd, ftpd - Is the Internet FTP daemon that manage FTP services. It is only started by the inetd daemon when requested.

in.identd, ]] - Returns user information about the owner of a connection to a remote computer.

in.rexecd, rexecd - Is a daemon that services remote execution requests and uses use rname and password authentication. inetd will automatically start the daemon when needed.

in.rlogind, rlogind - Is the server for the rlogin command. The server looks at client's source port. If port is not in the range 0-1023, the server will abort the connection.

in.rshd, rshd - Is the server for rsh (remote shell) and allows clients to execute commands from remote clients. The server accepts connections from the client on any port lower the 1024.

in.telnetd, telnetd - Used to process incoming requests on the telnet port. Started by the Internet Server (inetd).

in.tftpd, tftpd - Is a server that gives you TFTP functionality, it uses the UDP protocol instead of TCP.

indent - Inserts or erases whitespace in C code to make it easier to read. Converts from one C style to another.

indxbib - Creates an index for a database file in inverted form. It can be read by the commands lookbib and refer. Is an executable in Linux, BSD and a script in AIX, Solaris.

info - Reads hypertext info nodes. Info nodes fill the same function on as man pages.

infocmp - Shows terminal information or compare descriptions between two or more terminals.

infotocap - Reads the specified file and converts found terminfo descriptions to termcap descriptions. The converted descriptions is shown on STDOUT.

init, telinit - Changes run levels for the system. Shuts down or restart the computer in different modes.

initdb - Creates a new Postgres database system.

initlocation - Creates another Postgres secondary database storage area.

initlog - Sends log messages to the system logging facility.

insmod - Installs loadable kernel modules (device drivers) in the running kernel.

install - Manages the installation of files to a specific location or creates directories in a file system.

install-info - Installs or erases menu entries in info directory files.

install-mh - Creates the initial setup for a first-time nmh user.

iostat - Shows input and output statistics for disks, terminals and tapes.

ipcalc - Calculates IP address information.

ipcclean - Cleans up shared memory and semaphores from aborted backends.

ipchains - Manages IP firewall rules in the Linux 2.2 kernel.

ipchains-restore - Restores IP firewall chains from STDIN.

ipchains-save - Shows the firewall chains on the screen.

ipcrm - Releases shared memory by removing identifiers from message queues, semaphores, and shared memory segments that programs or services have left behind.

ipcs - Shows information about inter-process communications currently active in the system, such as shared memory segments, semaphores and message queues.

ipppd - Is a modified pppd that provides synchronous PPP support for ISDN connections.

ipppstats - Shows PPP-related statistics.

iprofd - Creates the modem register of the ISDN-ttys AT-emulator permanent.

iptables - Manages IP firewall rules in the Linux 2.4 kernel.

iptunnel - Configures various types of IP tunnels.

ipx_cmd - Is a bridge between local IPX network and Novell's SCMD driver.

ipx_configure - Queries or configures IPX behavior with respect to automatic IPX interface detection.

ipx_interface - Manages IPX interfaces.

ipx_internal_net - Adds or removes the IPX internal network.

ipx_route - Adds or removes an IPX route.

isapnp - Reads the configuration file to configure ISA PnP cards.

isdnconf - Manipulates or reads ISDN phone number config files.

isdnctrl - Configures ISDN device information.

isdnlog - Shows decoded information from the ISDN card.

isdnrate - Shows telephone rates and various info from rate files.

isdnrep - Shows ISDN activity.

isoinfo - Does directory-like listings of iso9660 images.

isovfy - Checks an iso9660 image for errors.

ispell - Is a compatibility script for the aspell spell checker.

J

jobid - Shows the process id for the job or for the current job if not given.

jobs - jobs is used to report all jobs that are stopped or executing in the background.

join - Compares two files and joins them together where the fields are identical and show the result to STDOUT.

jpegtran - Converts JPEG from one compression to another.

K

kbdconfig - Configures the keyboard.

kbdrate - Changes keyboard configurations.

kbd_mode - Changes the keyboard translation mode. Useful when a program don't restore the translation mode.

kernelversion - Shows the major version of the kernel.

kibitz - Allows multiple interactions to one shell.

kill - Stops a process or sends a signal to a processes.

killall - Kills all processes running the specified commands.

killall5 - Kills all processes but the ones in it's own session. Same as the System V killall command.

klogd - Is a daemon that is used to log kernel messages.

ksymoops - Decodes Linux kernel Oops.

ksyms - Shows kernel symbols that have been exported.

kudzu - Checks the hardware. If there are some changes in the system, it gives the opportunity to configure the hardware.

L

LANG=language - Change the regional setting and language translation.

last - Shows login information about users, hosts, and terminals.

lastb - Shows all bad login attempts.

lastlog - Shows the contents of the last login log. The information includes login name, port, and last login time.

lbxproxy - Is an X proxy that uses the low bandwidth extension to X (LBX). Some optimizations is made to the connections that increases speed over slow connections.

lc - Runs the last function specified by function or the last command entered

ld - Is a linker for object files used to link executables or shared libraries. Ld operates in two modes, static or dynamic.

ld86 - Links object files produced by the as86 assembler into I&D executables.

ldconfig - It is used to configure run time bindings for the dynamic linker.

ldd - Shows a list of executable files and their dynamic dependencies or shared objects

less - Is a text pager for UNIX system, used to show ASCII files.

lesskey - Manages key bindings for less.

let - Performs arithmetic calculations using the arguments specified, can be used in advanced shell scripts.

let - Will evaluate the arguments and if the result is zero the exit status is 1 otherwise 0.

lex - Creates C programs to be used in lexical processing of character input. That can be used as an interface to yacc.

lilo - Allows you to have several operating systems installed and boot into any of them at startup.

limit - Set limitations on the system resources available to the current shell.

links - Is a simple command-line URL browser.

linuxconf - Is an interactive menu configuration program.

listalias - Shows user and system mail aliases in the system. This is one part of the elm mailer.

listres - Creates a list of widget's names and classes.

lkbib - Finds references in the bibliographic database that contain the specified keyword.

ln - Creates a link between the specified source and destination files.

lndir - Makes a shadow directory tree from fromdir with symbolic links.

loadkeys - Reads and modifies the keyboard translation tables.

local - Creates a local variable within a function and set variable's attribute.

locale - Shows locale-specific information.

localedef - Compiles or creates locale specifications.

lockfile - Creates semaphore files used to limit the access so that only one program is allowed to access the file or files.

logger - Adds messages to the system log from the command line.

login - Lets you sign on to the system.

logname - Shows your login name.

logout - Exits a login shell form in Bash, C, TC and Z-Shell (bash, csh, tcsh, zsh).

logresolve - Resolves IP addresses in Apache's access log files. This is to reduce the impact for the name server.

logrotate - Administrates log files by rotating, compressing, removing, and mailing the log files.

look - Will find words in the system dictionary and show all lines that begins with the specified string.

lookbib, glookbib - Finds references in a bibliographic database and recover records containing the keywords entered at the prompt.

loopctrl - Configures the isdnloop ISDN driver.

losetup - Administers and controls loop devices.

lp - Sends print request to a printer or printer queue.

lpbanner - Show a banner on a fixed-size font printer.

lpc - Used by the system administrator to control the operation of the line printer system.

lpd - Starts the printer server.

lpf - Is used as a general printer filter. It is often used in the printcap file as a filter.

lpq - Shows the content of a print queue.

lpr - Sends print requests to a printer. Will use STDIN if no file is specified.

lpraccnt - Is a printer accounting program template. It opens a specified TCP port for to send information

lprm - Removes print requests from the print queue and report the file's name of removed request.

lpstat - Shows status information on a printer or printer queue.

lpunlock - Unlocks a printer that is waiting for lock.

ls - Lists the contents of a specified directory and supports wildcards.

ls-F - Lists files like ls -F. It's much faster than ls.

lsattr - Shows the file attributes on a Linux second extended file system.

lsmod - Shows information about the loaded modules.

lsof - Shows a listing of open files.

lspci - Shows information about all PCI buses in the system and all devices connected to them.

ltrace - Traces library calls of a given program.

lynx - Is a fully featured, text only WWW browser. Shows HTML documents with links to files on the local system and for remote hosts running HTTP, FTP, NNTP, WAIS, and Gopher.

M

m4 - Is a front end macro processor that is used for programming languages like C and assembler.

mail, Mail, mailx - Reads and sends mail.

mailq - Shows the mail queue. Shows first line for each mail massage, host for the massage, size the date and time.

mailstats - Shows the statistics collected by the program sendmail.

mailto - Sends multimedia mail in MIME format. It can only be used to send mail.

make, gmake - Updates a target file and all of its dependencies or repairs missing or invalid target dependency trees.

makedbm - Creates a DBM file or converts a DBM file to a text file.

makedepend - Reads each specified source file in the given sequence and then parses it.

MAKEDEV - Creates device entries in the /dev directory.

makeg - Makes an executable file that can be used for debug operations.

makeinfo - Converts Texinfo files to plain text, HTML or info files for online reading.

makemap - Uses the keyed map lookups in sendmail and creates the database map by reading from STDIN.

makepsres - Creates an PostScript language database file that contains the resources in the specified path names.

makestrs - Creates string table C source files and headers and outputs them on STDOUT.

makewhatis - Updates the whatis database.

make_smbcodepage - Creates a codepage for use with Samba.

man - Shows the manual page of the specified command.

man2html - Converts manual pages to HTML format.

manpath - Shows search paths for man pages.

mattrib - Changes file attributes for MS-DOS files

mbadblocks - Tests a floppy disk for bad blocks and marks them in the file allocation table.

mc - Is a file manager used to browse directories and files.

mcat - Copies a disk image to or from a floppy disk.

mcd - Changes directory in a MS-DOS directory structure.

mcedit - Edits file. It starts Midnight Commander (mc) in edit mode.

mcookie - Creates a magic cookie that works with the command xauth.

mcopy - Copies MS-DOS files to or from a UNIX system.

md5sum - Verifies MD5 checksums.

mdel - Deletes a file in an MSDOS file system..

mdeltree - Deletes a directory from an MSDOS file system.

mdir - Shows files in an MSDOS directory.

mdu - Shows disk usage for a specific file or files on an MS-DOS file system.

merge - Merges three files together. It merges the changes between input file 2 and 3 into input file number 1.

mesg - Allows or disallows messages to be sent to your terminal.

messages - Shows how many messages you have in your mailbox or folder.

metamail - Manages how to show mails that are non text-based.

metasend - Sends non text mails.

mformat - Formats MS-DOS floppy disks.

mhl - Shows and filters text messages in New Messages Handling System (NMH).

mhmail - Reads or sends mail.

mhpath - Shows pathnames to folders and mailboxes.

mikmod - Plays modules on a UNIX system.

mimencode - Converts or deconverts any standard mail-encoding formats defined by MIME.

mingetty - Is a smaller getty that works with virtual consoles.

minicom - Is a text-based window serial communication program.

mkbootdisk - Creates a boot floppy for the running system.

mkdep - Creates makefile dependency lines for a specified source file.

mkdir - Ccreates directories.

mkdirhier - Creates the specified directories including any unspecified parent directories as well.

mkdosfs, mkfs.msdos - Creates an MS-DOS file system in Linux.

mke2fs, mkfs.ext2 - Creates a second extended file system.

mkfifo - Creates the FIFO special files specified by the paths and filenames on the command line.

mkfontdir - Creates an index file from any X font files found in a directory. It typically looks for .pcf, .snf and .bdf fonts and then creates the file fonts.dir in the same specified directory.

mkfs - Creates a Linux file system on the specified device.

mkfs.minix - Creates a minix file system.

mkinitrd - Create a ramdisk to preload modules to gain access to the root file system.

mkisofs - Creates an ISO9660, Joliet, or HFS file system that is used on CDs and handles Rock Ridge attributes.

mklost+found - Creates a lost+found directory.

mkmanifest - Creates a shell script that restores UNIX file names that has been shortened by MS-DOS file systems.

mknetid - Creates the NIS netid map called netid.byname using the contents of the hosts, passwd, group and netid files.

mknod - Creates a directory entry for a specified special file.

mkpasswd - Generates a new password and assigns it to a user if you specify one.

mkraid - Manages RAID arrays.

mkswap - Creates a swap area in Linux.

mktemp - Creates a temporary file name using another file name as a template.

mktexlsr - Manages ls-R databases.

mkxauth - Manages .Xauthority files.

mlabel - Creates a volume label on MS-DOS file systems.

mmd - Create directories on MS-DOS file systems.

mmount - Mounts a MS-DOS file system in Linux.

mmove - Moves files on MS-DOS file systems.

modinfo - Shows information about the specified kernel module.

modprobe - Probes for modules in Linux.

mogrify - Modifies images by scaling, rotating, twisting and cropping. It also converts image files.

more - Shows a textfile one page at a time. Continues reading files specified on the command line.

mount - Mounts a file system or shows a file system that is already mounted. The file system can be local or remote.

mountd, rpc.mountd - Answers file system mount requests and NFS access information checks.

mouseconfig - Manages mouse configuration.

mpage - Prints several pages on one sheet of paper. The input files can be either plain text or PostScript.

mpartition - Partitions an MS-DOS hard disk, to create an MS-DOS file system.

mpg123 - Reads files or URLs and plays them on the audio device or outputs them to STDOUT.

mrd - Deletes an MS-DOS directory.

mren - Renames or moves MS-DOS files.

msgchk - Checks maildrops for new incoming mail messages.

msgfmt - Creates message object files from portable object files. It doesn't change the portable object files.

msh - Reads a usual mail message file or a message file compressed with packf.

mshowfat - Shows file allocation table entries for an MS-DOS file.

mt - Sends commands to a tape device.

mtools - Shows all the programs in the mtools package which are used for accessing DOS FAT volumes.

mtype - Shows the content of an MS-DOS file.

mutt - Manages mail boxes. Sends and reads e-mails.

mv - Moves or renames files and directories.

mzip - Sends commands to an Iomega ZIP drive.

N

named, in.named - Is the domain name server that answers DNS request and resolves host names and finds their assigned IP address.

named-xfer - Handles inbound zone transfer. Is used by named and should not be used directly.

namei - Shows which kind of file each part of a pathname is. Follows symbolic links until they stop in a proper file.

nc - Netcat, the TCP/IP Swiss Army knife. Read and write data across network connection.

ncftp - Is a browser program for the Internet FTP service.

ncftpbatch - Processes FTP requests added by the ncftp program.

ncftpget - Transfers files from the command line or shell scripts instead of using interactive FTP programs.

ncftpls - Creates remote directories listings without using interactive FTP programs.

ncftpput - Transfers files from the command line or shell scripts instead of using interactive FTP programs.

ncopy - Copies files over the NetWare network.

ncpmount - Mounts volumes on a NetWare file server.

ncpumount - Unmounts a NetWare file system that was previously mounted with the ncpmount.

ndc - Administers and manages the operations of a name server.

neqn - Is a preprocessor for the command nroff and is used to help out in equations.

netconf - Is an interactive user interface that allows configuration of a TCP/IP network.

netconfig - Configures the network on the command line or in interactive mode.

netreport - Requests network management scripts send a SIGIO signal when network interface changes occur.

netscape - Is a graphic based web browser.

netstat - Shows statistics and other network information, based on options selected.

newalias - Installs new elm aliases for system and/or user.

newaliases - Rebuilds the mail aliases file.

newer - Compares modification times of two files and exits successfully if file1 is at least as old as file2.

newgrp - Changes a user's real and effective group ID to the specified group.

newusers - Updates and creates new users in batch. User information is taken from the specified file.

nfsd, rpc.nfsd - Manages NFS file system requests for clients.

nfsstat - Shows NFS and RPC statistics.

nhfsstone - Benchmarks Network File System (NFS).

nice - Starts commands to be run in a different priority.

nisdomainname - Shows or sets system's NIS domain name.

nl - Reads lines from STDIN or a file, adds line numbers, and shows the result to STDOUT.

nm - Shows a table of the symbol names used for the specified ELF object file.

nmbd - Is a server that replies to NetBIOS over IP name service requests from a Windows client.

nmblookup - Requests NetBIOS names and maps them to IP addresses.

nohup - Is a way to run a command which will be immune to any hang up signals.

notify - Will notify a user asynchronous when the status of a job is changed. If job is not given, the current job is used.

nprint - Prints files to print queues located on a NetWare file server.

nroff - Processes a text file and formats the output for use with a letter quality printer or line printer.

nsend - Sends messages to NetWare users or user groups.

nslookup - Contacts and sends queries to DNS servers interactively or non-interactively.

nsupdate - Updates DNS name servers interactively or non-interactively.

ntsysv - Configures run levels to set what services that should be started or stopped.

nwauth - Logs into a NetWare server. If no arguments are given, the user's .nvclient file is used.

nwbocreate - Creates a NetWare bindery object.

nwbols - Shows specified NetWare bindery objects that are visible for the user.

nwboprops - Shows all the properties of the specified NetWare bindery objects.

nwborm - Removes a NetWare bindery object.

nwbpadd - Specifies the value of a NetWare bindery property.

nwbpcreate - Creates the specified NetWare property.

nwbprm - Removes the specified NetWare bindery property.

nwbpset - Creates a Bindery property or configures the values.

nwbpvalues - Shows NetWare bindery property's contents.

nwdir - Shows files, directories, and their attributes from a NetWare directory.

nwsctrl - Performs commands remotely on a NetWare server.

nwfsinfo - Shows some information about a NetWare server without logging in.

nwfstime - Shows or sets a NetWare server's date and time.

nwgrant - Adds a bindery object with the matching trustee rights to a directory.

nwmsg - Is called using kerneld when a NetWare server sends a broadcast message.

nwpasswd - Changes a user's password.

nwpurge - Permanently erases previously erased files.

nwrevoke - Revokes the specified NetWare bindery object with corresponding trustee rights from the directory.

nwrights - Asks a NetWare server for the effective rights in a file or directory for the user.

nwsfind - Searches for a NetWare server and locates a route to the server.

nwtrustee - Shows the trustee directories' assignments that a user has on a volume.

nwuserlist - Shows information about the users logged in to a NetWare server.

nwvolinfo - Shows information on a NetWare server volume.

O

objcopy - Copies object files using the GNU BFD Library.

objdump - Shows information about object files.

od - Reads a file from STDIN or from a specified file and exports the content to STDOUT in octal format.

odvitype - Checks and translate DVI files to human-readable form.

oldps - Shows process status information.

omega, iniomega, viromega - Converts extended Unicode TeX.

onintr - Specifies the shell will do with an interrupt. If option isn't given normal interrupt handle are restored.

openssl - Performs various cryptographic functions from the shell and can creates certificates.

openvt - Opens a new virtual terminal and runs the specified command with the arguments specified.

P

pack - Is a packing tool used for maintaining a packing list.

packf - Copies and formats messages from a folder into a file.

passmass - Lets you change passwords on many computers.

passwd - Changes login password and password attributes for the current or the specified user.

paste - Creates vertical columns of the content in the specified input files.

patch - Makes changes to files with patch files.

patch-metamail - Attempts to retrieve a patch from a server via FTP and install in the local metamail installation directory.

pathchk - Checks whether the file or files specified are valid or portable.

pcinitrd - Creates an initrd RAM disk image, which can be useful to boot the system from a PCMCIA device.

pclbanner - Prints a PCL banner on a fixed-size font printer.

perl - Is a programming language. Perl stands for Practical Extraction Report Language.

perlbug - Creates bug reports for perl.

perldoc - Finds and shows perl documentation from inside installations trees or scripts.

pfbtops - Converts a PostScript font in .pfb format into ASCII format.

pgrep - Searches for specific processes by using different criteria.

pg_ctl - Starst, stops, or restarts the postmaster.

pg_dump - Extracts a Postgres database into a script file.

pg_dumpall - Extracts all Postgres databases into a script file.

pg_passwd - Manipulates the flat password file for Postgres.

pg_upgrade - Allows upgrade from a previous release without reloading data.

pick - Filters messages through specified expressions.

ping - Sends ICMP echo requests to specified hosts. The remote host will, if it can, respond with a ICMP echo reply.

pinky - Shows information about users. Similar to finger.

pkill - Finds and kilsl processes by signaling it with the kill command.

pl2pm - Converts perl4 files to perl5 modules.

pmake - Compiles files depending on other files based on a makefile, and it does this in parallel mode.

pmap_set - Restarts a running portmapper or sets the list of registrated RPC programs on the local host. For restarting the portmapper you must redirect the output of pmap_dump to a file.

pnpdump - Dumps ISA Plug-and-Play device resource information to a specified file or STDOUT.

pnpprobe - Searches the ISA bus for Plug and Play sound cards.

pod2html - Converts pod to HTML files.

pod2latex - Converts Perl pod document files into LaTeX document files.

pod2man - Generates *roff input from a POD source which can then be shown on STDOUT using nroff or to a printer using troff.

pod2text - Converts POD files into formatted ASCII text files.

popd - Pops a directory from the directory stack and changes to it.

portmap - Converts RPC program numbers into DARPA protocol port numbers.

post - Delivers messages to local and remote users. Is the default program for send to use.

postgres - Runs a Postgres single-user backend.

postgresql-dump - Administers PostgreSQL when the database format is incompatible with an old version.

postmaster - Runs the Postgres multiuser backend.

poweroff - Writes pending information to disk, stops the processing and powers off the computer.

ppp-watch - Runs from within a ifup-ppp script that allows PPP interfaces to act like other interfaces.

pppd - Starts the Point to Point Protocol daemon.

pppdump - Converts PPP record file to readable format.

pppoe - Runs the user-space PPPoE client.

pppoe-server - Starts the user-space server for PPPoE

pppoe-sniff - Examines network for non-standard PPPoE frames.

pppstats - Shows PPP-related statistics for a PPP-interface. The statistics are shown since the last report.

pqlist - Shows print queues on a NetWare server.

pqrm - Removes print requests from a NetWare print queue.

pqstat - Shows the specified NetWare print queue, showing the jobs being processed.

pr - Filters printing and pagination, each input file/files are read, formatted and written to STDOUT.

praliases - Shows system mail aliases. If no key is specified all keys and their values are shown.

printenv - Shows the variable values in the environment.

printf - Interprets certain characters in the format string.

printmail - Shows all mails in your mailbox.

privatepw - Administers WU-FTPD group access file information.

proxymngr - Is the proxy manager service that determines client requests, keeping track of available and starting new proxies.

ps - Shows process ID, execution time, command name, terminal and other information about the active processes.

ps2ascii - Is a Ghostscript converter from PostScript or PDF to ASCII format.

ps2epsi - Converts a PostScript file and creates a new file in Adobe's Encapsulated PostScript Interchange format.

ps2pdf - Converts a PostScript file into a file in Adobe Portable Document Format.

psbanner - Prints a PostScript banner on a fixed-size font printer.

pserver - Connects to a NetWare server's print queues and sends the incoming print jobs to the Linux printing system.

psql - Starts Postgres interactive terminal.

pstree - Shows the current processes in a tree format.

pstruct, c2ph - Translates C to perl code (union and structure declarations).

pswrap - Creates wraps that send PostScript language code to the PostScript Interpreter.

ptx - Makes a permuted index of the specified file's contents.

pump - Is a network interface manager daemon working with the DHCP or BOOTP protocol.

pushd - Changes to a new working directory and places the current working directory into a direcory stack.

pwck - Verifies the integrity of password files.

pwconv - Modifies or creates the shadow password file /etc/shadow from the passwd password file.

pwd - Shows the absolute path to the current working directory.

pwunconv - Converts from shadow password file to standard passwd file.

Q

quota - Shows the disk usage and limits for a user on mounted file systems.

quotacheck - Will check and update the quota for mounted file system.

quotaoff - Turns off disk quotas for file systems.

quotaon - Enables disk quotas for file systems.

R

raid0run - Starts up old RAID0 or LINEAR arrays.

raidstart - Starts existing RAID devices.

raidstop - Stops an existing RAID device.

ramsize - Sets the RAM disk size for the system, and is equivalent to rdev -r.

random - Snapshots a random state, then reloads that state at boot time a random number generator.

ranlib - Appends a table of contents to archive libraries so that they are linked faster.

rarp - Alters the information in the kernels RARP table.

raw - Binds a Linux raw character device.

rb - Will receive files using YMODEM, XMODEM, and ZMODEM protocols.

rc - Starts and stops services when the system runlevel changes.

rcp - Copies files between two computers. The computer can be local or remote.

rcs - Creates and or changes the attributes of RCS files.

rcsclean - Removes files based upon revision differences. If there is no difference, it removes the working file.

rcsdiff - Compares different versions of RCS files using the diff command.

rcsmerge - Merges two RCS files by finding the differences between them, then creating a new file.

rcvdist - Forwards mail to other addresses. It reads mail from STDIN.

rcvpack - Creates a copy of the message and saves it in the specified file.

rcvstore - Adds messages from STDIN into a mailbox folder.

rcvtty - Reports a new mail. Runs a command with the message as its STDIN, and shows the results on the screen.

rdate - Gets the time from a specified remote system and sets or shows it on the local system.

rdev - Shows or sets the root device for bootable Linux kernel images.

rdist - Distributes files from one computer to others. Will keep the owner, group, mode and modification times.

rdistd - Is used by the rdist command as a remote file distribution server program.

rdjpgcom - Shows the embedded comments in JPEG files.

read - Reads a line from STDIN.

readlink - Shows the destination name of a symbolic link.

readonly - Sets a variable read-only. If no name is given show all read-only variables.

readprofile - Shows kernel profile information to STDOUT in a three-column table if the profile buffer exists.

reboot - Restarts the operating system.

rec - Records audio.

red - Is a restricted version of ed and is often used to edit files automatically in a script.

refer, grefer - Finds and formats references as a preprocessor for nroff or troff.

rehash - Recalculates the internal hash table.

rename - Renames multiple files by replacing strings.

renice - Alters the priority of currently running processes.

repeat - Executes a command a specified number of times.

repquota - Shows the quota limit and the usage of the file systems.

reset - Restores a session's run-time parameters to default values.

resize - Shows current size of the xterm window and will set the TERMCAP settings to active window.

resize2fs - Resizes an ext2 file system on specified device altering the amount of blocks to size.

restore, rrestore - Restores files or file systems from a dump backup.

return - Reports from a shell function. If used outside a function it will function as exit.

rev - Reverses every line of a file or STDIN.

revnetgroup - Reverses the order of host and user listings in the network group /etc/netgroup file in NIS maps.

revpath - Generates a relative path.

rexec - Runs commands on a remote host.

rlog - Shows information about RCS files and log messages.

rlogin - Runs a remote login to a remote computer.

rm - Removes files and directories from the file system.

rmail - Administer received mail from remote hosts through basic networking utilities.

rmdir - Removes empty directories from the file system.

rmmod - Unloads specified loadable modules as long as they are not in use and not referred to by other modules.

rmt - Allows remote access to magnetic tape devices, normally started from a rexec or rcmd subroutine.

rootflags - Sets the flags used when mounting the root file system. Is the same as rdev ?R.

rotatelogs - Starts a new log file and saves the old.

route - Manages and shows the routing tables on the host.

rpc.lockd - Starts the NFS lock manager (NLM). Useful for kernels that don't do this automatically.

rpc.rquotad - Is an RPC server that manages users of a local file system mounted over the NFS by reporting quotas.

rpc.rstatd - Returns statistics received from the kernel about performance.

rpc.rusersd - Is the user name server that lists users on the host.

rpc.rwalld - Is the rwall server that manages rwall requests. It is applied by using wall on all appropriate hosts.

rpc.statd - Performs passive monitoring of the server and implements the reboot notification service used by rpc.lockd that performs file lock recovery functions in the event the server is rebooted.

rpc.yppasswdd, yppasswdd - Handles the requests that comes from yppasswd to set new correct passwords.

rpc.ypxfrd - Transfers NIS maps from the master server to the slave server.

rpcgen - Creates C code to make an rpc protocol.

rpcinfo - Creates an RPC call to an RPC server and shows the information on what it finds.

rpm - Adds and removes software on a system. It's also used to create software packages.

rpm2cpio - Converts a Red Hat Package (RPM) file to a cpio archive on STDOUT.

rsh, remsh - Is a remote shell which is used to connect to a host and execute one specified command.

rstart - Executes programs on a remote computer using the Remote Execution Protocol.

rstartd - Is a script that helps the use of working with a remote shell.

rsync - Copies files from or to a remote site.

runlevel - Shows the previous and current system runlevel.

rup - Shows the status of machines on the network. Similar to uptime but for remote computers.

ruptime - Shows the status of machines on the network. Similar to uptime but for remote machines.

rusers - Lists users logged into the remote server. Similar to who but for remote servers.

rwho - Shows who is logged in to hosts on the local network.

rwhod, in.rwhod - Is a system status server for the programs rwho and ruptime.

rx - Will receive files using XMODEM protocol.

rz - Will receive files using ZMODEM protocol.

S

s2p - Converts a sed script to a perl script. The converted script will be shown on STDOUT.

sa1 - Saves system activity into the binary file /var/log/sa/sadd, where dd is the current day.

sa2 - Saves system activity into the file /var/adm/sa/sardd where dd is the current day.

sadc - Saves system activity in binary format to a specified file.

samba - Manages samba smbd and nmdb daemons.

sar - Shows system utilization information earlier saved in files. Please see sadc to set up data collection.

sash - Is a stand-alone shell with many extra built-in commands.

sasldblistusers - Shows the users in the SASL password database (usually /etc/sasldb).

saslpasswd - Sets the SASL password for server programs.

sb - Sends files in batch using YMODEM or ZMODEM protocol.

scan - Gives a brief description of messages stored in the specified folder, or default folder if not specified.

scanpci - Shows information about your PCI bus.

sched - Is a simple scheduler used to run commands at a later time.

sclient - Is a Kerberos client. When connected to Kerberos server it returns a Kerberos authentication.

scp - Copies files in a secure way with all network traffic encrypted by ssh.

screen - Runs many programs on one terminal. Makes programs detached so they can be attached somewhere else.

screendump - Dumps the contents of the screen to STDOUT.

script - Records everything that is shown on the screen during a terminal session and saves the information into a file.

scsi - Administers PCMCIA SCSI adapters.

scsi_info - Shows information about SCSI-devices, such as addess parameters, device vendor information, etc.

sdiff - Compares the two files and shows the differences between them, side by side on the screen.

sed - Edits text files using a script of specified edit commands and shows the result.

select - Shows words as a menu on STDERR and $PS3 as a prompt wait for user input. Repeats until terminated.

send - Sends the specified letter files to it's destinations, defined in the message.

sendfiles - Sends multiple files via a MIME message.

sendmail - Is a mail router used to deliver mail messages locally or via the internet.

seq - Generates the sequence of number.

sessreg - Manages utmp/wtmp entries for xdm sessions.

set - Sets a shell variable to value. With no argument it shows all variables. In Bourne, Bash, Korn and Z-shell (sh, bash, ksh, zsh) set is used to set shell flags.

setclock - Sets the time for the hardware clock.

setenv - Sets an environment variable. With no argument it shows all environment variables.

setfdprm - Is a utility to set and change parameters on auto-detecting floppy devices.

setleds - Sets the status flags for the keyboard LED's. Shows current status if no option is specified.

setpci - Is used to query and configure PCI devices. All numbers are entered in hexadecimal values.

setquota - Sets the specified quota for a user or a group from the command line.

setserial - Sets or retrieve serial port information.

setsid - Runs the specified program in a new session.

settc - Makes the shell believe that the terminal capability has the specified value.

setterm - Sets terminal attributes.

setty - Sets which tty modes the shell allows to be changed.

setup - Configures the system in interactive mode.

setvar - Sets variable to value.

setxkbmap - Sets the keyboard layout by means of the X keyboard extension.

sfdisk - Administers partition tables.

sftp - Secure FTP.

shar - Converts binary files to a text friendly archive.

shift - Shifts the command line argument one (or number) step to the left.

shopt - Alters optional shell variables controlling the behavior of the shell.

show - Shows specified messages or folders. This is part of the NMH package.

showaudio - Plays an audio email message on your workstation.

showfont - Shows information from the X font server about a specified font.

showmount - Shows all clients that have remote mounts from a server.

showrgb - Converts a compiled RGB color name database back to the original form.

shred - Erases files by overwriting them repeatedly. Which makes it very hard to restore the information.

shutdown - Changes the current run level. Most often to shut the system down.

size - Shows segment or section size information for each loaded section in object files.

skill - Kills processes. Combines features from kill and killall.

slattach - Transfers a serial line connection to a network interface.

sleep - Puts the system to sleep for a period of time.

slist - Shows all NetWare servers present on the network.

slocal - Processes inbound messages according to a selection criterion.

slocate, locate - Looks quickly in a database in order to find files.

smbadduser - Adds users to SMB�s password file.

smbclient - Connects to a remote service using SMB.

smbd - Starts the Samba daemon that handles SMB/CIFF requests.

smbmnt - Mounts SMB file system shares. Checks if a user has write permissions on the mount point before mounting.

smbmount - Mounts an SMB file system.

smbpasswd - Changes the user's SMB password.

smbspool - Sends a print file to an SMB printer.

smbstatus - Shows the current Samba connections.

smbtar - This command script is a utility that dumps SMB shares into a tape device.

smbumount - Lets users unmount their SMB mounted directories. The directory must have the SUID set to root.

smproxy - Works as an X application proxy and allows the application to use an X11R6 session.

smrsh - Restricts users to only be able to run certain sendmail commands in a shell.

sndAppleSingle - Allows the user to send Macintosh files stored inside a UNIX file system with the CAP AUFS program.

sndconfig - Is a graphic interface program that configures sound cards to work with a Linux kernel module.

snice - Shows process status and sets new priorities for processes.

snmpbulkget - Communicates with a network entity using SNMP BULK requests.

snmpbulkwalk - Communicates with a network entity using SNMP BULK requests.

snmpd - Is an agent that responds to SNMP request packets. Monitors networks.

snmpdelta - Monitors deltas of integer-valued SNMP variables.

snmpget - Communicates with a network entity using SNMP GET requests.

snmpgetnext - Communicates with a network entity using SNMP GET NEXT requests.

snmpnetstat - Shows network status using SNMP.

snmpset - Communicates with a network entity using SNMP SET requests.

snmpstatus - Retrieves important information from a network host.

snmptable - Shows SNMP tables after retrieving them.

snmptest - Communicates with a network entity using SNMP requests.

snmptranslate - Translates SNMP objects into more useful information.

snmptrap - Sends an SNMP TRAP to a manager.

snmptrapd - Receives and logs SNMP trap messages.

snmpusm - Administers SNMPv3 users on a remote entity.

snmpwalk - Communicates with a network entity using SNMP GET next requests.

soelim - Determines and excludes the .so requests from either troff or nroff input.

sort - Sorts and merges lines from the specified files or from STDIN, and prints them to STDOUT.

source - Reads commands form a file and runs them in the current shell.

spell - Is a capability script for the aspell spell checker.

split - Splits a file into a set of smaller files. The output files will get a double letter extension (.aa, .ab, .ac ... ).

splitmail - Splits an e-mail into smaller pieces according to proposed Internet standard for multimedia mail formats.

spost - Delivers a message.

sserver - Is a Kerberos server application. When there is a connection it, returns a Kerberos principal.

ssh, slogin - Logins secure to a remote computer. It's intended to replace rlogin.

ssh-add - Administrates RSA identities for the SSH authentication agent.

ssh-agent - Holds private keys for RSA authentication.

ssh-keygen - Is used it create public and private SSH keys.

sshd - Is the secure shell deamon that allows ssh clients access the computer.

startx - Starts a single session of the X-window system. Is a front end to xinit.

stat - Shows information on the specified files of file systems.

statserial - Shows information about the specified serial port. Useful to debug modems and ports.

stinit - Initializes SCSI magnetic tape drives.

stop - Stops a process.

strace - Records all system calls sent and received by the processes within the specified command.

strfile - Creates a random access file for saving strings. Lines are separated by the delimiting character.

strings - Searches for printable strings in object or binary files.

strip - Strips the symbol table and the information about debugging and line numbers from an object file.

stty - Alters the options for a terminal.

stunnel - Makes it possible to use SSL-enabled connections between two computers, using non-SSL-enabled daemons.

su - Switches to another user in the current session.  切换用户

suexec - Switches the user when executing an external application through programs that are used internally by Apache.

suidperl - Executes a perl script in suID mode.

sulogin - Prompts for the root password to enter single-user mode, or to press Ctrl-D to proceed with normal startup.

sum - Shows a 16-bit checksum and a 512 byte block count for a file.

SuperProbe - Finds installed video hardware, used by some X11 configuration software to determine configurations.

suspend - Stops the current shell as if Ctrl-Z has been pressed. Login shell can't be stopped.

swapdev - Sets the kernel's swap device. Shows usage information if run without parameters. Is the equivalent of rdev �s.

swapoff - Disables swapping on the specified devices.

swapon - Specifies a device to start swap or page on.

swat - Configures Samba over the web. Short for Samba Web Administration Tool. Is run from xinetd.

switch, breaksw - Matches each pattern successively against the word and runs the commands when the first match is found.

switchdesk - Is used to switch between various desktop environments like GNOME, KDE and AnotherLevel.

switchdesk-helper - Specifies what window manager to run when starting X.

sx - Sends files using XMODEM protocol

sync - Flushs all unwritten file system buffers to disk.

sys-unconfig - Resets the system configuration. The file /.unconfigured tells the system to run the programs to configure system.

sysctl - Configures kernel parameters at runtime - the parameters is listed in /proc/sys/.

sysklogd - Is a system logging utility.

syslogd - Logs system messages and saves it into a file.

sz - Sends files using ZMODEM protocol.

T

tac - Shows files in reverse order. The opposite of cat.

tail - Shows the tail end of the file specified to STDOUT. Shows the last 10 entries by default.

tailf - Shows the growth of a file.

talk - Is used to talk to another user, using the terminal.

talkd, in.talkd, in.ntalkd, ntalkd - Provides the server function for the talk command. Usually started by the Internet Server.

tangle - Converts a WEB file to Pascal.

tar - Extracts or creates files from or to a tar file, tape by default but can be any media or file.

tbl - Formats tables before to use them in nroff or troff. For BSD and Linux it is only used for troff.

tc - Creates and associate queues with output devices.

tclsh - Is the Tool command language (Tcl) shell.

tcpd - Controls and logs incoming requests for Internet services. Used from inetd.

tcpdchk - Checks your TCP wrapper configuration and reports all potential problems it can find.

tcpdmatch - Predicts how the TCP wrapper would handle a specific request for service.

tcpdump - Shows the headers of packets on a network interface.

tcsh - Is a enchanced version of the C-shell that is completely compatible.

tee - Copies STDIN to STDOUT as well as to files.

telesctrl - Configures the log level of the HiSax-ISDN device driver. Log information is stored in /dev/isdnctrl.

telltc - Shows the current values of all terminal capabilities.

telnet, tn - Uses the telnet protocol to communicate with other hosts.

test - Evaluates conditions. In if structures conditions are often used inside brackets ( [ ] ).

testparm - Reads a Samba configuration file to check whether it is correct.

testprns - Checks whether a given printer name is valid to use with smbd.

tex, initex, virtex - Formats text and typesetting.

texindex - Creates an index for a TeX output file.

tfmtodit - Creates groff font files to use with groff -Tdvi.

tftp - Sends files to and from a remote host using the Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP).

thumbnail - Creates a TIFF image file with thumbnail images.

tic - Compiles a terminfo file. The data is saved in the directory /usr/share/lib/terminfo for AIX and Solaris and in the directory /usr/share/terminfo for BSD and Linux.

tie - Merges or applies WEB system change files.

tiff2bw - Converts a color TIFF image to grayscale.

tiff2ps - Converts TIFF images to PostScript format.

tiffcmp - Compares two TIFF files.

tiffcp - Merges TIFF images together into a single multi-image file.

tiffdither - Converts an 8-bit grayscale TIFF image to a bilevel TIFF image.

tiffinfo - Shows information about TIFF files.

tiffsplit - Creates single-image files from a multi-image TIFF file.

time - Starts a program and shows statistics on STDERR about how long it took to run.

timeconfig - Configures the computer time in a ncurses-based environment.

times - Shows accumulated system and user times for processes run from the shell..

tin - Is a Usenet news reader, which can read locally or remotely via an NNTP server.

tload - Shows system load as a graph.

tmpwatch - Erases files that haven't been accessed for a specified number of hours.

toe - Shows a list of all available terminal types by primary name with their descriptions.

top - Shows a list of the most active CPU processes.

touch - Gives the file specified a new time and date stamp. If the file does not exist it will be created.

tput - This utility is used to initialize a terminal or query a terminfo database.

tr - Replaces or deletes characters while copying from STDIN to STDOUT.

tracepath - Shows the path, and the MTU that is found on the way, to the specified destination.

traceroute - Shows you a list of the route a packets takes to reach a network host.

trap - Runs the command when the shell receive signal. If command is a null string ("") it will reset the signals to there original behavior. Used alone it shows all traps.

troff, gtroff - Formats the text in the specified file for printing or typesetting.

true - Provides a true value in scripts, does nothing but always exits with a value of 0.

tset - Determines and configures your terminal.

tsort - Sorts items from a text file or STDIN and show on STDOUT an ordered listing of the items.

tty - Shows the terminal that is used as STDIN.

tune2fs - Alters tunable file system parameters on second extended file systems.

tunelp - Configures various parameters for the lp device.

twm - Is a X-window manager that provides icon management, macros, key bindings, title bars and shaped windows.

type - Shows a description of a commands type.

typeset, declare - Sets values and attributes for variables. A new variable instance is created when used inside functions.

tzselect - Configures the time zone in an interactive mode.

U

ul - Reads STDIN or specified files and alter the underscore characters to fit your terminal.

ulimit - Sets and shows the size limits used by the shell and its child processes. Shows the current limit if not given.

umask - Alters the file mode creation mask of the current shell execution environment.

umount, unmount - Unmounts local or remote file systems. AIX also have a unmount command with the same syntax.

unalias - Erases the definitions of all aliases specified on the command line from the current shell execution environment.

uname - Shows information about the current system.

unbuffer - Disables the output buffering when the specified program is redirected.

uncomplete - Removes any pattern specified with complete.

uncompress - Uncompresses .Z files. Removes the .Z suffix when it is done.

unexpand - Replaces the spaces in text files created with expand back to Tab characters.

unhash - Disables the internal hash table. In zsh it will remove names from the internal hash table.

unicode_start - Sets Unicode mode to the screen and keyboard.

unicode_stop - Takes screen and keyboard out of Unicode mode and into 8-bit mode.

uniq - Filters out adjacent lines that are alike and shows the output on STDOUT or save it to a file.

unix2dos - Convert a text file from unix to dos format.

unlimit - Removes resource limits. If no options is specified all limits will be erased.

unset - Removes variable or function from the shell.

unsetenv - Removes environment variables.

unshar - Searches mail messages for shell archives, unpacks them, and saves them in a single file.

unstr - Shows the strings from a file created by the strfile command.

until - Repeats the commands until expression is true.

unzip - Uncompress, list, test, or show the compressed files from a zip archive.

unzipsfx - Creates self-extracting zip archives. Is a binary stub to be added to existing zip archives.

up2date - Updates packets installed on your computer.

update - Tells the kernel daemon to flush dirty buffers back to disk (also known as bdflush).

updatedb - Is a utility to update the slocate database.

uptime - Shows how long the system has been up, number of users and the load average for the last 1, 5 and 15 minutes.

urlview - Reads all URLs it can find in a file and shows them in an interactive menu.

useradd, adduser - Creates a new user or updates default new user information.

userconf - Configures system accounts and groups interactively or on the command line.

userdel - Erases a user's account from the system.

userhelper - Is a interface to pam that is used to alter the user's shell, password, and GECOS information.

userinfo - Alters the user's finger information just like the command chfn, but does so interactively.

usermod - Alters a specified user's login account permissions and memberships on the system.

usermount - Starts a graphical tool to mount, unmount, and format file systems.

usernetctl - Changes the status of the specified network interface.

userpasswd - A graphical tool that lets users change their passwords.

users - Shows a one-line list of the users who are logged in on the system.

usleep - Sleeps for some number of microseconds.

uudecode - Decodes an encoded file created by uuencode. The decoded file name is set by uuencode.

uuencode - Creates an encoded file to use when you send mail.

uuidgen - Creates a new UUID value.

V

vacuumdb - Cleans your Postgres database. The Postgres query optimizer uses it to generate internal statistics.

vdir - Shows information about the current or the specified directory.

vi, view - Edits or views text files.

vidmode - Sets video mode for a kernel image. Is equivalent to rdev -v.

viewres - Shows a tree structure of the widget class hierarchy of the Athena Widget Set.

vigr - Is used to edit the /etc/group file.

vimtutor - Shows a help page on how to start using the very powerful editor vim in Linux.

vipw - Edits the /etc/passwd file.

vmstat - Shows various statistics for the system. For example memory and io usages.

vt-is-UTF8 - Checks whether current VT is in UTF8- or byte mode.

W

w - Shows information about logged in users.

wait - Waits for a background process to complete. C and TC-Shell will wait for all background processes.

wall - Shows a message to all currently logged in users.

watch - Runs a specified command several times to show the change of the output

wc - Counts characters, words, and lines in files.

weave - Translates a file from .web style to a TeX style file.

whatis - Shows the header line from the manual page for a command.

whatnow - Is used as a front end for the nmh commands to prompt the user of what to do.

where - Shows where a command is located, including alias, Internal, and in the path.

whereis - Searches binary, source and manual page files for the specified command.

which - Shows the path to a command.

while - Repeats the commands while the expression is true.

who - Shows who is on the system.

who am i - Is actually the who command but only shows the current user. It takes two arguments that can be anything.

whoami - Shows the login name of the current effective user.

whois - Finds names or handles for an internet domain name.

wish - Specifies the Tool command language with a graphic tool kit (Tcl/Tk) used to run Tcl/Tk scripts in graphic mode.

wnewmail - Alerts you when a new mail arrives.

word-list-compress - Compresses or decompresses word list files read from STDIN and output on STDOUT.

write - Writes to another user's screen. The messages is read from the console. Can be used to reply in AIX.

writevt - Inserts a text string in a terminal's input buffer.

wrjpgcom - Inserts text information into a JPEG picture.

wvdial - Dials a modem and initiates PPP. Configured from command line or from the file /etc/wvdial.conf.

wvdialconf - Detects your modem and its attributes, then updates the /etc/wvdial.conf file.

X

X - Is the X-window system which is a network-transparent GUI system developed by X Consortium, Inc. This is used with bitmap display systems and manages user input to and from various programs.

x11perf - Measures the performance of an X server.

x11perfcomp - Compares and shows the difference between x11servers

xargs - Creates a list of arguments, start a program and run the arguments.

xauth - Manages the authorization rules used when connecting to a X-server.

Xconfigurator - Configures the XFree86 server.

xconsole - Shows console messages with X.

xev - Displays X events for debugging X programs and configurations

xf86cfg - Application to configure the XF86Config file. CLI as well as GUI is available.

xf86config - Is a console-based application to configure the XF86Config file.

xfindproxy - Finds proxy services to be used with a proxy manager.

XFree86 - Is a free X server that is delivered with several Linux distributions.

xfs - Supplies fonts to X-Window servers.

xfwp - Is an X firewall proxy. Provides an application layer firewall for X traffic.

xgetfile - Is a file manager based on X-window.

xgettext - Creates portable message files that contains copies of C strings that are found in ANSI C source code.

xhost - Controls access to the X server by keeping a list of allowed hosts and users.

xinetd - Monitors service ports and starts the required services when the requests comes.

xinit - Starts the the X-Window server specified.

xisdnload - Shows periodically updated information about the ISDN load average.

xkbevd - Monitors for XKB events and runs the requested commands when they occur.

xkibitz - Allows many people to interact with each others' programs.

xkill - Kills an X client. Useful for removing problematic programs.

xload - Shows a histogram over the average system load.

xlsatoms - Shows the specified interned atoms on the server.

xlsclients - Shows client applications that run on a screen.

xlsfonts - Lists X Window fonts that match a specified pattern.

xmag - Enlarges parts of the screen.

xman - Shows man pages in a browser when running X.

xmkmf - Converts an Imakefile to a Makefile.

xmodmap - Shows and modify the keymaps in X.

xmonisdn - Shows the status of ISDN network connections and enables the starting or stopping of subsystems.

xmorph - Morphs images in an X window environment.

xon - Executes the specified command on the specified remote host.

xplaycd - Plays audio CD-ROMs interactively.

xrdb - Contains resources for the X server. This program normally runs from an X startup file.

xrefresh - Refreshes all or part of an X screen.

xset - Sets the user options for the X display. Such as mouse, bell, keys and much more.

xsetmode - Sets the mode for an input device under X window.

xsetpointer - Sets the main pointer for X window.

xsetroot - Modifies how to view the background window on a workstation that runs X.

xsm - Manages X sessions. Allows applications to run and lets them become part of the session.

xterm - Is a terminal emulator for X-Window. Provides terminal emulation for programs that can't use X-Window.

xwd - Saves window images into a dump file.

xwininfo - Shows information about windows.

xwud - Shows an image dump that is saved in a formatted dump file.

xxd - Converts binary files or STDIN to a hexadecimal file, or vice versa.

Y

yacc, byacc - Converts a file containing grammar rules into a C-source file name y.tab.c.

yes - Shows the command-line arguments, separated by spaces and new lines forever.

ypbind - Runs at startup and keeps information about the bindings between NIS clients and servers.

ypcat - Shows the values in the specified NIS map.

ypchfn - Changes the users GECOS field, where full name and user-related information exist.

ypchsh - Alters the users default shell in the NIS database.

ypdomainname - Shows or sets the system's NIS/YP domain name.

ypinit - Sets up an NIS server or client system.

ypmatch - Shows the values of keys from a NIS map.

yppasswd - Alters the yellow pages password in the NIS database.

yppasswdd - A script that executes the rpc.yppasswdd that makes it easier to control the daemon.

yppoll - Uses ypserv to get the version number and master NIS server for the specified map.

yppush - Copies a new NIS map from the master server to the slave servers.

ypserv - Is a NIS server daemon that looks up information requested by other yp commands.

ypset - Tells ypbind to use the specified server for NIS services.

ypwhich - Shows the name of the NIS server that provides the name services to a NIS client.

ypxfr - Manages NIS map transfers between a NIS server and a host.

Z

zcat - Uncompresses a list of files from the command line or STDIN, then writes to STDOUT.

zcmp - Compares two compressed files. Return status is 0 = identical, 1 = different, 1 < error.

zdiff - Compares compressed files. It uses the command diff to run the comparison.

zdump - Shows the current date and time for the time zones that you specify on the command line.

zforce - Adds a .gz extension to a compressed (gzip) file. Useful for files with names truncated after a file transfer.

zgrep, zfgrep, zegrep - Searches for text strings inside compressed files.

zic - Creates files that can be used for time conversion.

zip - Compresses files.

zipcloak - Is used for encryption or decryption of a compressed file.

zipgrep - Searches for text strings inside zip archive files.

zipinfo - Shows technical information about a zip archive.

zipnote - Inserts notes and comments into zip files.

zipsplit - Splits one zip file into many zip files.

zless - Enables compressed text files to be inspected one full screen at a time.

zmore - Shows compressed text files one screen at a time.

znew - Recompresses a .Z compressed file to a .gz file.