ragel - compile regular languages into executable state machines
Synopsis
ragel [options] file
Description
Ragel compiles executable finite state machines from regular languages. Ragel can generate C, C++, Objective-C, D, or Java code. Ragel state machines can not only recognize byte sequences as regular expression machines do, but can also execute code at arbitrary points in the recognition of a regular language. User code is embedded using inline operators that do not disrupt the regular language syntax.
The core language consists of standard regular expression operators, such as union, concatenation and kleene star, accompanied by action embedding operators. Ragel also provides operators that let you control any non-determinism that you create, construct scanners using the longest match paradigm, and build state machines using the statechart model. It is also possible to influence the execution of a state machine from inside an embedded action by jumping or calling to other parts of the machine and reprocessing input.
Ragel provides a very flexibile interface to the host language that attempts to place minimal restrictions on how the generated code is used and integrated into the application. The generated code has no dependencies.
Options
-h, -H, -?, --help
Display help and exit.
-v
Print version information and exit.
-o " file"
Write output to file. If -o is not given, a default file name is chosen by replacing the suffix of the input. For source files ending in .rh the suffix .h is used. For all other source files a suffix based on the output language is used (.c, .cpp, .m, .dot)
-s
Print some statistics on standard error.
-n
Do not perform state minimization.
-m
Perform minimization once, at the end of the state machine compilation.
-l
Minimize after nearly every operation. Lists of like operations such as unions are minimized once at the end. This is the default minimization option.
-e
Minimize after every operation.
-x
Run the frontend only: emit XML intermediate format.
-V
Generate a dot file for Graphviz.
-p
Display printable characters on labels.
-S <spec>
FSM specification to output
-M <machine>
Machine definition/instantiation to output
-C
The host language is C, C++, Obj-C or Obj-C++. This is the default host language option.
-D
The host language is D.
-J
The host language is Java.
-R
The host language is Ruby.
-L
Inhibit writing of #line directives.
-T0
Table driven FSM (default).
-T1
Faster table driven FSM.
-F0
Flat table driven FSM.
-F1
Faster flat table-driven FSM.
-G0
Goto-driven FSM.
-G1
Faster goto-driven FSM.
-G2
Really fast goto-driven FSM.
-P<N>
N-Way Split really fast goto-driven FSM.
Ragel Input
NOTE: This is a very brief description of Ragel input. Ragel is described in more detail in the user guide available from the homepage (see below).
Ragel normally passes input files straight to the output. When it sees an FSM specification that contains machine instantiations it stops to generate the state machine. If there are write statements (such as "write exec") then ragel emits the corresponding code. There can be any number of FSM specifications in an input file. A multi-line FSM specification starts with '%%{' and ends with '}%%'. A single line FSM specification starts with %% and ends at the first newline.
Fsm Statements
Machine Name:
Set the the name of the machine. If given, it must be the first statement.
Alphabet Type:
Set the data type of the alphabet.
GetKey:
Specify how to retrieve the alphabet character from the element type.
Include:
Include a machine of same name as the current or of a different name in either the current file or some other file.
Action Definition:
Define an action that can be invoked by the FSM.
Fsm Definition, Instantiation and Longest Match Instantiation:
Used to build FSMs. Syntax description in next few sections.
Access:
Specify how to access the persistent state machine variables.
Write:
Write some component of the machine.
Variable:
Override the default variable names (p, pe, cs, act, etc).
Basic Machines
The basic machines are the base operands of the regular language expressions.
'hello'
Concat literal. Produces a concatenation of the characters in the string. Supports escape sequences with '\'. The result will have a start state and a transition to a new state for each character in the string. The last state in the sequence will be made final. To make the string case-insensitive, append an 'i' to the string, as in 'cmd'i.
dqhellodq
Identical to single quote version.
[hello]
Or literal. Produces a union of characters. Supports character ranges with '-', negating the sense of the union with an initial '^' and escape sequences with '\'. The result will have two states with a transition between them for each character or range.
NOTE: '', "", and [] produce null FSMs. Null machines have one state that is both a start state and a final state and match the zero length string. A null machine may be created with the null builtin machine.
integer
Makes a two state machine with one transition on the given integer number.
hex
Makes a two state machine with one transition on the given hexidecimal number.
/simple_regex/
A simple regular expression. Supports the notation '.', '*' and '[]', character ranges with '-', negating the sense of an OR expression with and initial '^' and escape sequences with '\'. Also supports one trailing flag: i. Use it to produce a case-insensitive regular expression, as in /GET/i.
lit .. lit
Specifies a range. The allowable upper and lower bounds are concat literals of length one and number machines. For example, 0x10..0x20, 0..63, and 'a'..'z' are valid ranges.
variable_name
References the machine definition assigned to the variable name given.
builtin_machine
There are several builtin machines available. They are all two state machines for the purpose of matching common classes of characters. They are:
any
Any character in the alphabet.
ascii
Ascii characters 0..127.
extend
Ascii extended characters. This is the range -128..127 for signed alphabets and the range 0..255 for unsigned alphabets.
alpha
Alphabetic characters /[A-Za-z]/.
digit
Digits /[0-9]/.
alnum
Alpha numerics /[0-9A-Za-z]/.
lower
Lowercase characters /[a-z]/.
upper
Uppercase characters /[A-Z]/.
xdigit
Hexidecimal digits /[0-9A-Fa-f]/.
cntrl
Control characters 0..31.
graph
Graphical characters /[!-~]/.
print
Printable characters /[ -~]/.
punct
Punctuation. Graphical characters that are not alpha-numerics /[!-/:-@\[-'{-~]/.
space
Whitespace /[\t\v\f\n\r ]/.
null
Zero length string. Equivalent to '', "" and [].
empty
Empty set. Matches nothing.
Brief Operator Reference
Operators are grouped by precedence, group 1 being the lowest and group 6 the highest.
GROUP 1:
expr , expr
Join machines together without drawing any transitions, setting up a start state or any final states. Start state must be explicitly specified with the "start" label. Final states may be specified with the an epsilon transitions to the implicitly created "final" state.
GROUP 2:
expr | expr
Produces a machine that matches any string in machine one or machine two.
expr & expr
Produces a machine that matches any string that is in both machine one and machine two.
expr - expr
Produces a machine that matches any string that is in machine one but not in machine two.
expr -- expr
Strong Subtraction. Matches any string in machine one that does not have any string in machine two as a substring.
GROUP 3:
expr . expr
Produces a machine that matches all the strings in machine one followed by all the strings in machine two.
expr :> expr
Entry-Guarded Concatenation: terminates machine one upon entry to machine two.
expr :>> expr
Finish-Guarded Concatenation: terminates machine one when machine two finishes.
expr <: expr
Left-Guarded Concatenation: gives a higher priority to machine one.
NOTE: Concatenation is the default operator. Two machines next to each other with no operator between them results in the concatenation operation.
GROUP 4:
label: expr
Attaches a label to an expression. Labels can be used by epsilon transitions and fgoto and fcall statements in actions. Also note that the referencing of a machine definition causes the implicit creation of label by the same name.
GROUP 5:
expr -> label
Draws an epsilon transition to the state defined by label. Label must be a name in the current scope. Epsilon transitions are resolved when comma operators are evaluated and at the root of the expression tree of machine assignment/instantiation.
GROUP 6: Actions
An action may be a name predefined with an action statement or may be specified directly with '{' and '}' in the expression.
expr > action
Embeds action into starting transitions.
expr @ action
Embeds action into transitions that go into a final state.
expr $ action
Embeds action into all transitions. Does not include pending out transitions.
expr % action
Embeds action into pending out transitions from final states.
GROUP 6: EOF Actions
When a machine's finish routine is called the current state's EOF actions are executed.
expr >/ action
Embed an EOF action into the start state.
expr </ action
Embed an EOF action into all states except the start state.
expr $/ action
Embed an EOF action into all states.
expr %/ action
Embed an EOF action into final states.
expr @/ action
Embed an EOF action into all states that are not final.
expr <>/ action
Embed an EOF action into all states that are not the start state and that are not final (middle states).
GROUP 6: Global Error Actions
Global error actions are stored in states until the final state machine has been fully constructed. They are then transferred to error transitions, giving the effect of a default action.
expr >! action
Embed a global error action into the start state.
expr <! action
Embed a global error action into all states except the start state.
expr $! action
Embed a global error action into all states.
expr %! action
Embed a global error action into the final states.
expr @! action
Embed a global error action into all states which are not final.
expr <>! action
Embed a global error action into all states which are not the start state and are not final (middle states).
GROUP 6: Local Error Actions
Local error actions are stored in states until the named machine is fully constructed. They are then transferred to error transitions, giving the effect of a default action for a section of the total machine. Note that the name may be omitted, in which case the action will be transferred to error actions upon construction of the current machine.
expr >^ action
Embed a local error action into the start state.
expr <^ action
Embed a local error action into all states except the start state.
expr $^ action
Embed a local error action into all states.
expr %^ action
Embed a local error action into the final states.
expr @^ action
Embed a local error action into all states which are not final.
expr <>^ action
Embed a local error action into all states which are not the start state and are not final (middle states).
GROUP 6: To-State Actions
To state actions are stored in states and executed any time the machine moves into a state. This includes regular transitions, and transfers of control such as fgoto. Note that setting the current state from outside the machine (for example during initialization) does not count as a transition into a state.
expr >~ action
Embed a to-state action action into the start state.
expr <~ action
Embed a to-state action into all states except the start state.
expr $~ action
Embed a to-state action into all states.
expr %~ action
Embed a to-state action into the final states.
expr @~ action
Embed a to-state action into all states which are not final.
expr <>~ action
Embed a to-state action into all states which are not the start state and are not final (middle states).
GROUP 6: From-State Actions
From state actions are executed whenever a state takes a transition on a character. This includes the error transition and a transition to self.
expr >* action
Embed a from-state action into the start state.
expr <* action
Embed a from-state action into every state except the start state.
expr $* action
Embed a from-state action into all states.
expr %* action
Embed a from-state action into the final states.
expr @* action
Embed a from-state action into all states which are not final.
expr <>* action
Embed a from-state action into all states which are not the start state and are not final (middle states).
GROUP 6: Priority Assignment
Priorities are assigned to names within transitions. Only priorities on the same name are allowed to interact. In the first form of priorities the name defaults to the name of the machine definition the priority is assigned in. Transitions do not have default priorities.
expr > int
Assigns the priority int in all transitions leaving the start state.
expr @ int
Assigns the priority int in all transitions that go into a final state.
expr $ int
Assigns the priority int in all existing transitions.
expr % int
Assigns the priority int in all pending out transitions.
A second form of priority assignment allows the programmer to specify the name to which the priority is assigned, allowing interactions to cross machine definition boundaries.
expr > (name,int)
Assigns the priority int to name in all transitions leaving the start state.
expr @ (name, int)
Assigns the priority int to name in all transitions that go into a final state.
expr $ (name, int)
Assigns the priority int to name in all existing transitions.
expr % (name, int)
Assigns the priority int to name in all pending out transitions.
GROUP 7:
expr *
Produces the kleene star of a machine. Matches zero or more repetitions of the machine.
expr **
Longest-Match Kleene Star. This version of kleene star puts a higher priority on staying in the machine over wrapping around and starting over. This operator is equivalent to ( ( expr ) $0 %1 )*.
expr ?
Produces a machine that accepts the machine given or the null string. This operator is equivalent to ( expr | '' ).
expr +
Produces the machine concatenated with the kleen star of itself. Matches one or more repetitions of the machine. This operator is equivalent to ( expr . expr* ).
expr {n}
Produces a machine that matches exactly n repetitions of expr.
expr {,n}
Produces a machine that matches anywhere from zero to n repetitions of expr.
expr {n,}
Produces a machine that matches n or more repetitions of expr.
expr {n,m}
Produces a machine that matches n to m repetitions of expr.
GROUP 8:
! expr
Produces a machine that matches any string not matched by the given machine. This operator is equivalent to ( *extend - expr ).
^ expr
Character-Level Negation. Matches any single character not matched by the single character machine expr.
GROUP 9:
( expr )
Forces precedence on operators.
Values Available in Code Blocks
fc
The current character. Equivalent to *p.
fpc
A pointer to the current character. Equivalent to p.
fcurs
An integer value representing the current state.
ftargs
An integer value representing the target state.
fentry(<label>)
An integer value representing the entry point <label>.
Statements Available in Code Blocks
fhold;
Do not advance over the current character. Equivalent to --p;.
fexec <expr>;
Sets the current character to something else. Equivalent to p = (<expr>)-1;
fgoto <label>;
Jump to the machine defined by <label>.
fgoto *<expr>;
Jump to the entry point given by <expr>. The expression must evaluate to an integer value representing a state.
fnext <label>;
Set the next state to be the entry point defined by <label>. The fnext statement does not immediately jump to the specified state. Any action code following the statement is executed.
fnext *<expr>;
Set the next state to be the entry point given by <expr>. The expression must evaluate to an integer value representing a state.
fcall <label>;
Call the machine defined by <label>. The next fret will jump to the target of the transition on which the action is invoked.
fcall *<expr>;
Call the entry point given by <expr>. The next fret will jump to the target of the transition on which the action is invoked.
fret;
Return to the target state of the transition on which the last fcall was made.
fbreak;
Save the current state and immediately break out of the machine.
Bugs
Ragel is still under development and has not yet matured. There are probably many bugs.
Credits
Ragel was written by Adrian Thurston <thurston@cs.queensu.ca>. Objective-C output contributed by Erich Ocean. D output contributed by Alan West.