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这一块主要是讲move语义的,我认为这是在C++0x中,最好的特性之一,因为它几乎可以完全透明的提高效率。
在Stephan T. Lavavej这篇帖子之后,有很多评论,大体上认为C++因为这些特性而变得更复杂了,而难以掌握,另初学者望而生畏。

但是我认为这是值得的,因为C++的宗旨是:“don't pay for what you don't use 不要为你不使用的东西而付出代价”。

由于水平有限,错误之处,请多多指教:

move semantics: the pattern
move语义:模式 

Here's a simple class, remote_integer, that stores a pointer to a dynamically allocated int .  (This is "remote ownership".)  Its default constructor, unary constructor, copy constructor, copy assignment operator, and destructor should all look very familiar to you.  I've additionally given it a move constructor and move assignment operator.  They're guarded by #ifdef MOVABLE so that I can demonstrate what happens with and without them; real code won't do this.

下面是一个简单的类remote_integer, 这个类存储了指向动态分配的int的指针(“远程拥有权”)。你对这个类的默认构造函数,一元构造函数,拷贝构造函数,重载的赋值运算和析构函数都很熟悉。我给它增加了move构造函数和move 赋值运算。它们被#ifdef MOVABLE 保护,所以我可以演示在没有move构造函数和move 赋值运算时会发生什么,真正的代码是没有这个地。

 

  1//C:\Temp>type remote.cpp
  2
  3#include <stddef.h>
  4
  5#include <iostream>
  6
  7#include <ostream>
  8
  9using namespace std;
 10
 11 
 12
 13class remote_integer {
 14
 15public:
 16
 17    remote_integer() {
 18
 19        cout << "Default constructor." << endl;
 20
 21 
 22
 23        m_p = NULL;
 24
 25    }

 26
 27 
 28
 29    explicit remote_integer(const int n) {
 30
 31        cout << "Unary constructor." << endl;
 32
 33 
 34
 35        m_p = new int(n);
 36
 37    }

 38
 39 
 40
 41    remote_integer(const remote_integer& other) {
 42
 43        cout << "Copy constructor." << endl;
 44
 45 
 46
 47        if (other.m_p) {
 48
 49            m_p = new int(*other.m_p);
 50
 51        }
 else {
 52
 53            m_p = NULL;
 54
 55        }

 56
 57    }

 58
 59 
 60
 61#ifdef MOVABLE
 62
 63    remote_integer(remote_integer&& other) {
 64
 65        cout << "MOVE CONSTRUCTOR." << endl;
 66
 67 
 68
 69        m_p = other.m_p;
 70
 71        other.m_p = NULL;
 72
 73    }

 74
 75#endif // #ifdef MOVABLE
 76
 77 
 78
 79    remote_integer& operator=(const remote_integer& other) {
 80
 81        cout << "Copy assignment operator." << endl;
 82
 83 
 84
 85        if (this != &other) {
 86
 87            delete m_p;
 88
 89 
 90
 91            if (other.m_p) {
 92
 93                m_p = new int(*other.m_p);
 94
 95            }
 else {
 96
 97                m_p = NULL;
 98
 99            }

100
101        }

102
103 
104
105        return *this;
106
107    }

108
109 
110
111#ifdef MOVABLE
112
113    remote_integer& operator=(remote_integer&& other) {
114
115        cout << "MOVE ASSIGNMENT OPERATOR." << endl;
116
117 
118
119        if (this != &other) {
120
121            delete m_p;
122
123 
124
125            m_p = other.m_p;
126
127            other.m_p = NULL;
128
129        }

130
131 
132
133        return *this;
134
135    }

136
137#endif // #ifdef MOVABLE
138
139 
140
141    ~remote_integer() {
142
143        cout << "Destructor." << endl;
144
145 
146
147        delete m_p;
148
149    }

150
151 
152
153    int get() const {
154
155        return m_p ? *m_p : 0;
156
157    }

158
159 
160
161private:
162
163    int * m_p;
164
165}
;
166
167 
168
169remote_integer square(const remote_integer& r) {
170
171    const int i = r.get();
172
173 
174
175    return remote_integer(i * i);
176
177}

178
179 
180
181int main() {
182
183    remote_integer a(8);
184
185 
186
187    cout << a.get() << endl;
188
189 
190
191    remote_integer b(10);
192
193 
194
195    cout << b.get() << endl;
196
197 
198
199    b = square(a);
200
201 
202
203    cout << b.get() << endl;
204
205}

206
207 
208
209//C:\Temp>cl /EHsc /nologo /W4 remote.cpp
210
211//remote.cpp
212
213 
214
215//C:\Temp>remote
216
217Unary constructor.
218
2198
220
221Unary constructor.
222
22310
224
225Unary constructor.
226
227Copy assignment operator.
228
229Destructor.
230
23164
232
233Destructor.
234
235Destructor.
236
237 
238
239//C:\Temp>cl /EHsc /nologo /W4 /DMOVABLE //remote.cpp
240
241//remote.cpp
242
243 
244
245//C:\Temp>remote
246
247Unary constructor.
248
2498
250
251Unary constructor.
252
25310
254
255Unary constructor.
256
257MOVE ASSIGNMENT OPERATOR.
258
259Destructor.
260
26164
262
263Destructor.
264
265Destructor.
266
267

 

There are several things to notice here.
这里有几点需要注意:

 

·         The copy and move constructors are overloaded, and the copy and move assignment operators are overloaded.  We've already seen what happens to functions overloaded on const Type& and Type&& .  This is what allows b = square(a); to automatically select the move assignment operator when it's available.

拷贝构造函数和move构造函数式重载版本,赋值操作和move赋值操作也是重载版本,我们已经看到当函数通过const Type&和Type&&进行重载时,结果的不同。当move语义可用时,b=square(a)将会选择move赋值操作。

·         Instead of dynamically allocating memory, the move constructor and move assignment operator simply steal it from other .  When stealing, we copy other's pointer and then null it out.  When other is destroyed, its destructor will do nothing.

move构造函数和move赋值操作只是简单的将内存从other那里“偷”了过来,而不是重新分配新的内存。当我们“偷”内存时,我们只是复制other的指向内存的指针,然后other的指针置为null。当other被摧毁时,析构函数什么都不用干(不用delete)。

·         Both the copy and move assignment operators need self-assignment checks.  It's well-known why copy assignment operators need self-assignment checks.  This is because plain old data types like ints can be assigned to themselves harmlessly (e.g. with x = x;), so user-defined data types should also be harmlessly self-assignable.  Self-assignment virtually never happens in handwritten code, but it can easily happen inside algorithms like std::sort() .  In C++0x, algorithms like std::sort() can move elements around instead of copying them.  The same potential for self-assignment exists here.

普通赋值操作和move赋值操作都需要进行自我赋值检查,赋值操作需要进行自我赋值检查是广为人知的。这是因为像int这种内建类型可以正确的自我赋值(例如:x=x),所以,用户的自定义类型也应该可以正确的进行自我赋值,自我赋值实际上在手写代码里面是不存在的,但是在类似std::sort()之类的算法中,却很常见。在C++0x中,像std::sort()之类的算法使用了move语义而非拷贝语义,所以同样的move赋值操作也需要进行自我赋值检查。

At this point, you may be wondering how this interacts with automatically generated ("implicitly declared" in Standardese) constructors and assignment operators.

这样,你可能会想move拷贝构造函数和move赋值操作和编译器自动生成拷贝构造函数和赋值操作之间是什么关系呢,会不会自动生成move的呢。

·         Move constructors and move assignment operators are never implicitly declared.

Move构造函数和move赋值操作都不会自动生成。

·         The implicit declaration of a default constructor is inhibited by any user-declared constructors, including copy constructors and move constructors.

如果用户声明了构造函数,包括拷贝构造函数和move构造函数,默认构造函数将不会自动生成。

·         The implicit declaration of a copy constructor is inhibited by a user-declared copy constructor, but not a user-declared move constructor.

用户定义了拷贝构造函数以后,编译器将不会再自动生成拷贝构造函数,但是move构造函数例外。

·         The implicit declaration of a copy assignment operator is inhibited by a user-declared copy assignment operator, but not a user-declared move assignment operator.

用户定义了赋值操作以后,编译器将不会再自动生成赋值操作,但是move赋值操作例外。

Basically, the automatic generation rules don't interact with move semantics, except that declaring a move constructor, like declaring any constructor, inhibits the implicitly declared default constructor.

基本上,除了move构造函数会阻止自动生成默认构造函数以外,自动生成规则不影响move语义。

 

move semantics: moving from lvalues

move 语义:从左值move 

Now, what if you like to write your copy constructors in terms of your copy assignment operators?  You might attempt to write your move constructors in terms of your move assignment operators.  This is possible, but you have to be careful.  Here's the wrong way to do it:

现在,如果你在拷贝构造函数中使用赋值操作会怎么样呢?你可能会在move构造函数中使用你的move赋值操作。这是可能的,但是你必须小心。下面是一种错误的使用方法:

 

  1//C:\Temp>type unified_wrong.cpp
  2
  3#include <stddef.h>
  4
  5#include <iostream>
  6
  7#include <ostream>
  8
  9using namespace std;
 10
 11 
 12
 13class remote_integer {
 14
 15public:
 16
 17    remote_integer() {
 18
 19        cout << "Default constructor." << endl;
 20
 21 
 22
 23        m_p = NULL;
 24
 25    }

 26
 27 
 28
 29    explicit remote_integer(const int n) {
 30
 31        cout << "Unary constructor." << endl;
 32
 33 
 34
 35        m_p = new int(n);
 36
 37    }

 38
 39 
 40
 41    remote_integer(const remote_integer& other) {
 42
 43        cout << "Copy constructor." << endl;
 44
 45 
 46
 47        m_p = NULL;
 48
 49        *this = other;
 50
 51    }

 52
 53 
 54
 55#ifdef MOVABLE
 56
 57    remote_integer(remote_integer&& other) {
 58
 59        cout << "MOVE CONSTRUCTOR." << endl;
 60
 61 
 62
 63        m_p = NULL;
 64
 65        *this = other; // WRONG
 66
 67    }

 68
 69#endif // #ifdef MOVABLE
 70
 71 
 72
 73    remote_integer& operator=(const remote_integer& other) {
 74
 75        cout << "Copy assignment operator." << endl;
 76
 77 
 78
 79        if (this != &other) {
 80
 81            delete m_p;
 82
 83 
 84
 85            if (other.m_p) {
 86
 87                m_p = new int(*other.m_p);
 88
 89            }
 else {
 90
 91                m_p = NULL;
 92
 93            }

 94
 95        }

 96
 97 
 98
 99        return *this;
100
101    }

102
103 
104
105#ifdef MOVABLE
106
107    remote_integer& operator=(remote_integer&& other) {
108
109        cout << "MOVE ASSIGNMENT OPERATOR." << endl;
110
111 
112
113        if (this != &other) {
114
115            delete m_p;
116
117 
118
119            m_p = other.m_p;
120
121            other.m_p = NULL;
122
123        }

124
125 
126
127        return *this;
128
129    }

130
131#endif // #ifdef MOVABLE
132
133 
134
135    ~remote_integer() {
136
137        cout << "Destructor." << endl;
138
139 
140
141        delete m_p;
142
143    }

144
145 
146
147    int get() const {
148
149        return m_p ? *m_p : 0;
150
151    }

152
153 
154
155private:
156
157    int * m_p;
158
159}
;
160
161 
162
163remote_integer frumple(const int n) {
164
165    if (n == 1729{
166
167        return remote_integer(1729);
168
169    }

170
171 
172
173    remote_integer ret(n * n);
174
175 
176
177    return ret;
178
179}

180
181 
182
183int main() {
184
185    remote_integer x = frumple(5);
186
187 
188
189    cout << x.get() << endl;
190
191 
192
193    remote_integer y = frumple(1729);
194
195 
196
197    cout << y.get() << endl;
198
199}

200
201 
202
203//C:\Temp>cl /EHsc /nologo /W4 /O2 unified_wrong.cpp
204
205//unified_wrong.cpp
206
207 
208
209//C:\Temp>unified_wrong
210
211Unary constructor.
212
213Copy constructor.
214
215Copy assignment operator.
216
217Destructor.
218
21925
220
221Unary constructor.
222
2231729
224
225Destructor.
226
227Destructor.
228
229 
230
231//C:\Temp>cl /EHsc /nologo /W4 /O2 /DMOVABLE unified_wrong.cpp
232
233//unified_wrong.cpp
234
235 
236
237//C:\Temp>unified_wrong
238
239Unary constructor.
240
241MOVE CONSTRUCTOR.
242
243Copy assignment operator.
244
245Destructor.
246
24725
248
249Unary constructor.
250
2511729
252
253Destructor.
254
255Destructor.
256
257

 

(The compiler is performing the RVO here, but not the NRVO.  As I mentioned earlier, some copy constructor calls are elided by the RVO and NRVO, but the compiler isn't always able to apply them.  Move constructors optimize the remaining cases.)

 (编译器进行了返回值优化RVO,但不是具名返回值优化NRVO。之前提到,有些拷贝构造函数被RVO或NRVO优化掉了,但是并不是所有的情况下都能优化掉,move构造函数可以优化剩下的情况。)

The line marked WRONG inside the move constructor is calling the copy assignment operator!  This compiles and runs, but it defeats the purpose of the move constructor.

在有WRONG的那一行,在move构造函数中调用了赋值操作,编译通过了,但结果却并不对(因为那个赋值操作调用的是普通的赋值操作)。

What happened?  Remember from C++98/03 that named lvalue references are lvalues (if you say int& r = *p; then r is an lvalue) and unnamed lvalue references are also lvalues (given vector<int> v(10, 1729), calling v[0] returns int& , an unnamed lvalue reference whose address you can take).  Rvalue references behave differently:

为什么呢?在C++98/03中,具名的左值引用是左值,不具名的左值引用还是左值。但是右值引用却不同:

·         Named rvalue references are lvalues.

具名的右值引用是左值。

·         Unnamed rvalue references are rvalues.

不具名的右值引用才是右值。

A named rvalue reference is an lvalue because it can be repeatedly mentioned, with multiple operations performed on it.  If instead it were an rvalue, then the first operation performed could steal from it, affecting subsequent operations.  Stealing is supposed to be unobservable, so this is forbidden.  On the other hand, unnamed rvalue references can't be repeatedly mentioned, so they can preserve their rvalueness.

具名的右值引用是左值的原因在于它可以被重复的使用,对它进行各种各样的操作。如果它还是右值的话,在第一个操作中被“偷”走了,后面的操作将会受到影响。“偷”应该不被察觉到(应该和没有“偷”时表现一样),所以不能这样做。另一方面,不具名的右值引用不能被重复的使用,所以它们仍然是右值。

If you're really intent on implementing your move constructors in terms of your move assignment operators, you'll need the ability to move from lvalues by treating them as rvalues.  This is powered by std::move() from C++0x <utility>, which will be in VC10 (in fact, it's already in my development build), but because it's not in the VC10 CTP, I'll show you how to write it from scratch:

如果你确实想在move构造函数中使用move赋值操作,你需要把左值当做右值对待。这可以通过使用C++0x <utility>中的std::move()来解决。VC10TCP版本中没有,但是VC10中会有,所以我会教你从头做起:

 

  1//C:\Temp>type unified_right.cpp
  2
  3#include <stddef.h>
  4
  5#include <iostream>
  6
  7#include <ostream>
  8
  9using namespace std;
 10
 11 
 12
 13template <typename T> struct RemoveReference {
 14
 15     typedef T type;
 16
 17}
;
 18
 19 
 20
 21template <typename T> struct RemoveReference<T&> {
 22
 23     typedef T type;
 24
 25}
;
 26
 27 
 28
 29template <typename T> struct RemoveReference<T&&> {
 30
 31     typedef T type;
 32
 33}
;
 34
 35 
 36
 37template <typename T> typename RemoveReference<T>::type&& Move(T&& t) {
 38
 39    return t;
 40
 41}

 42
 43 
 44
 45class remote_integer {
 46
 47public:
 48
 49    remote_integer() {
 50
 51        cout << "Default constructor." << endl;
 52
 53 
 54
 55        m_p = NULL;
 56
 57    }

 58
 59 
 60
 61    explicit remote_integer(const int n) {
 62
 63        cout << "Unary constructor." << endl;
 64
 65 
 66
 67        m_p = new int(n);
 68
 69    }

 70
 71 
 72
 73    remote_integer(const remote_integer& other) {
 74
 75        cout << "Copy constructor." << endl;
 76
 77 
 78
 79        m_p = NULL;
 80
 81        *this = other;
 82
 83    }

 84
 85 
 86
 87#ifdef MOVABLE
 88
 89    remote_integer(remote_integer&& other) {
 90
 91        cout << "MOVE CONSTRUCTOR." << endl;
 92
 93 
 94
 95        m_p = NULL;
 96
 97        *this = Move(other); // RIGHT
 98
 99    }

100
101#endif // #ifdef MOVABLE
102
103 
104
105    remote_integer& operator=(const remote_integer& other) {
106
107        cout << "Copy assignment operator." << endl;
108
109 
110
111        if (this != &other) {
112
113            delete m_p;
114
115 
116
117            if (other.m_p) {
118
119                m_p = new int(*other.m_p);
120
121            }
 else {
122
123                m_p = NULL;
124
125            }

126
127        }

128
129 
130
131        return *this;
132
133    }

134
135 
136
137#ifdef MOVABLE
138
139    remote_integer& operator=(remote_integer&& other) {
140
141        cout << "MOVE ASSIGNMENT OPERATOR." << endl;
142
143 
144
145        if (this != &other) {
146
147            delete m_p;
148
149 
150
151            m_p = other.m_p;
152
153            other.m_p = NULL;
154
155        }

156
157 
158
159        return *this;
160
161    }

162
163#endif // #ifdef MOVABLE
164
165 
166
167    ~remote_integer() {
168
169        cout << "Destructor." << endl;
170
171 
172
173        delete m_p;
174
175    }

176
177 
178
179    int get() const {
180
181        return m_p ? *m_p : 0;
182
183    }

184
185 
186
187private:
188
189    int * m_p;
190
191}
;
192
193 
194
195remote_integer frumple(const int n) {
196
197    if (n == 1729{
198
199        return remote_integer(1729);
200
201    }

202
203 
204
205    remote_integer ret(n * n);
206
207 
208
209    return ret;
210
211}

212
213 
214
215int main() {
216
217    remote_integer x = frumple(5);
218
219 
220
221    cout << x.get() << endl;
222
223 
224
225    remote_integer y = frumple(1729);
226
227 
228
229    cout << y.get() << endl;
230
231}

232
233 
234
235//C:\Temp>cl /EHsc /nologo /W4 /O2 /DMOVABLE unified_right.cpp
236
237//unified_right.cpp
238
239 
240
241//C:\Temp>unified_right
242
243Unary constructor.
244
245MOVE CONSTRUCTOR.
246
247MOVE ASSIGNMENT OPERATOR.
248
249Destructor.
250
25125
252
253Unary constructor.
254
2551729
256
257Destructor.
258
259Destructor.
260
261

 

(I'll refer to std::move() and my Move() interchangeably, since they're implemented identically.)  How does std::move() work?  For the moment, I'm going to say that "magic is involved".  (There's a full explanation below; it's not complicated, but it involves template argument deduction and reference collapsing, which we'll encounter while looking at perfect forwarding.)  I can skip over the magic with concrete examples.  Given an lvalue of type string, like up from the overload resolution examples above, std::move(up) calls string&& std::move(string&) .  This returns an unnamed rvalue reference, which is an rvalue.  Given an rvalue of type string, like strange() from above, std::move(strange()) calls string&& std::move(string&&) .  Again, this returns an unnamed rvalue reference, which is an rvalue.

(我将交替的使用std::move和Move,因为它们的实现时一样的)它是怎样工作的呢?现在,我要说“这是个魔法”(后面将会有完整的解释,并不是很复杂,但是它与模板参数演绎和引用合并有关,在讲完美转发的时候我们还会遇到)。我可以用一个具体的例子来略过这个“魔法”:给定一个string类型的左值,像前面例子中的up,std::move(up)调用 string&& std::move(string&), 这个函数返回一个不具名的右值引用,也就是右值。给定一个string类型的右值,像前面例子中的strange(), std::(strange()) 调用 string&& std::move(string&&),这个函数还是返回一个不具名的右值,还是右值。

std::move() is useful in other places than implementing move constructors in terms of move assignment operators.  Whenever you reach a point where you can say "I have an lvalue here, and its value is going to cease to matter" (e.g. because it's going to be destroyed or assigned to), you can write std::move(your lvalue expression) in order to activate move semantics.

std::move除了能实现move构造函数中是呀move赋值操作以外,还可以在其他地方使用。无论在任何时候,你说“我有一个左值,但是它的值已经不再重要了”,这时你可以使用std::move(你的左值)来使用move语义。

 

move semantics: movable members

move语义:movable成员

C++0x's Standard classes (e.g. vector, string, regex) have move constructors and move assignment operators, and we've seen how to implement them in our own classes that manually manage resources (e.g. remote_integer).  But what about classes containing movable data members (e.g. vector, string, regex, remote_integer)?  The compiler won't automatically generate move constructors and move assignment operators for us.  So, we'll need to write them ourselves.  Fortunately, with std::move() , this is extremely easy:

C++0x标准类(像 vector, string, regex) 都实现了move构造函数和move赋值操作,而且我们已经学习了怎样在我们自己的类中实现它们来手动管理资源(像 remote_integer). 但是当类中含有movable成员变量是,会怎样呢 (像 vector, string, regex, remote_integer)?  编译器不会自动生成move构造函数和move赋值操作。所以,我们要自己实现,幸运的是我们有了std::move后,实现起来非常简单:

 

  1//C:\Temp>type point.cpp
  2
  3#include <stddef.h>
  4
  5#include <iostream>
  6
  7#include <ostream>
  8
  9using namespace std;
 10
 11 
 12
 13template <typename T> struct RemoveReference {
 14
 15     typedef T type;
 16
 17}
;
 18
 19 
 20
 21template <typename T> struct RemoveReference<T&> {
 22
 23     typedef T type;
 24
 25}
;
 26
 27 
 28
 29template <typename T> struct RemoveReference<T&&> {
 30
 31     typedef T type;
 32
 33}
;
 34
 35 
 36
 37template <typename T> typename RemoveReference<T>::type&& Move(T&& t) {
 38
 39    return t;
 40
 41}

 42
 43 
 44
 45class remote_integer {
 46
 47public:
 48
 49    remote_integer() {
 50
 51        cout << "Default constructor." << endl;
 52
 53 
 54
 55        m_p = NULL;
 56
 57    }

 58
 59 
 60
 61    explicit remote_integer(const int n) {
 62
 63        cout << "Unary constructor." << endl;
 64
 65 
 66
 67        m_p = new int(n);
 68
 69    }

 70
 71 
 72
 73    remote_integer(const remote_integer& other) {
 74
 75        cout << "Copy constructor." << endl;
 76
 77 
 78
 79        if (other.m_p) {
 80
 81            m_p = new int(*other.m_p);
 82
 83        }
 else {
 84
 85            m_p = NULL;
 86
 87        }

 88
 89    }

 90
 91 
 92
 93    remote_integer(remote_integer&& other) {
 94
 95        cout << "MOVE CONSTRUCTOR." << endl;
 96
 97 
 98
 99        m_p = other.m_p;
100
101        other.m_p = NULL;
102
103    }

104
105 
106
107    remote_integer& operator=(const remote_integer& other) {
108
109        cout << "Copy assignment operator." << endl;
110
111 
112
113        if (this != &other) {
114
115            delete m_p;
116
117 
118
119            if (other.m_p) {
120
121                m_p = new int(*other.m_p);
122
123            }
 else {
124
125                m_p = NULL;
126
127            }

128
129        }

130
131 
132
133        return *this;
134
135    }

136
137 
138
139    remote_integer& operator=(remote_integer&& other) {
140
141        cout << "MOVE ASSIGNMENT OPERATOR." << endl;
142
143 
144
145        if (this != &other) {
146
147            delete m_p;
148
149 
150
151            m_p = other.m_p;
152
153            other.m_p = NULL;
154
155        }

156
157 
158
159        return *this;
160
161    }

162
163 
164
165    ~remote_integer() {
166
167        cout << "Destructor." << endl;
168
169 
170
171        delete m_p;
172
173    }

174
175 
176
177    int get() const {
178
179        return m_p ? *m_p : 0;
180
181    }

182
183 
184
185private:
186
187    int * m_p;
188
189}
;
190
191 
192
193class remote_point {
194
195public:
196
197    remote_point(const int x_arg, const int y_arg)
198
199        : m_x(x_arg), m_y(y_arg) { }
200
201 
202
203    remote_point(remote_point&& other)
204
205        : m_x(Move(other.m_x)),
206
207          m_y(Move(other.m_y)) { }
208
209 
210
211    remote_point& operator=(remote_point&& other) {
212
213        m_x = Move(other.m_x);
214
215        m_y = Move(other.m_y);
216
217        return *this;
218
219    }

220
221 
222
223    int x() const return m_x.get(); }
224
225    int y() const return m_y.get(); }
226
227 
228
229private:
230
231    remote_integer m_x;
232
233    remote_integer m_y;
234
235}
;
236
237 
238
239remote_point five_by_five() {
240
241    return remote_point(55);
242
243}

244
245 
246
247remote_point taxicab(const int n) {
248
249    if (n == 0{
250
251        return remote_point(11728);
252
253    }

254
255 
256
257    remote_point ret(7291000);
258
259 
260
261    return ret;
262
263}

264
265 
266
267int main() {
268
269    remote_point p = taxicab(43112609);
270
271 
272
273    cout << "(" << p.x() << "" << p.y() << ")" << endl;
274
275 
276
277    p = five_by_five();
278
279 
280
281    cout << "(" << p.x() << "" << p.y() << ")" << endl;
282
283}

284
285 
286
287//C:\Temp>cl /EHsc /nologo /W4 /O2 point.cpp
288
289//point.cpp
290
291 
292
293//C:\Temp>point
294
295Unary constructor.
296
297Unary constructor.
298
299MOVE CONSTRUCTOR.
300
301MOVE CONSTRUCTOR.
302
303Destructor.
304
305Destructor.
306
307(7291000)
308
309Unary constructor.
310
311Unary constructor.
312
313MOVE ASSIGNMENT OPERATOR.
314
315MOVE ASSIGNMENT OPERATOR.
316
317Destructor.
318
319Destructor.
320
321(55)
322
323Destructor.
324
325Destructor.
326
327

 

As you can see, memberwise moves are trivial to write.  Note that remote_point's move assignment operator doesn't need to check for self-assignment because remote_integer already does.  Also note that remote_point's implicitly declared copy constructor, copy assignment operator, and destructor do the right things.

和你看到的一样,move成员是很无聊的。注意remote_point的move赋值操作没有进行自我赋值检查,因为remote_integer已经检查过了。同样也注意到remote_point自动生成的拷贝构造函数,赋值操作和析构函数都工作正常。

A final reminder: whenever possible, you should implement move constructors and move assignment operators for your copyable classes, because the compiler won't do it for you.  Not only will ordinary use of those classes automatically pick up move semantics, but STL containers and algorithms will also take advantage of move semantics, replacing expensive copies with cheap moves.

最后提示,无论在任何时候,你都应该为copyable的类实现move构造函数和move赋值函数,因为编译器不会自动生成。并不只是因为move语义会在通常情况下被使用,而是STL容器和算法会从move语义中得到好处:用简单的move代替昂贵的拷贝。

 

posted on 2009-05-28 20:51 尹东斐 阅读(1577) 评论(0)  编辑 收藏 引用

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