在OpenSceneGraph中绘制OpenCascade的曲面
Draw OpenCascade Geometry Surfaces in OpenSceneGraph
eryar@163.com
摘要Abstract：本文对OpenCascade中的几何曲面数据进行简要说明，并结合OpenSceneGraph将这些曲面显示。
关键字Key Words：OpenCascade、OpenSceneGraph、Geometry Surface、NURBS
一、引言 Introduction
《BRep Format Description White Paper》中对OpenCascade的几何数据结构进行了详细说明。BRep文件中用到的曲面总共有11种：
1．Plane 平面；
2．Cylinder 圆柱面；
3．Cone 圆锥面；
4．Sphere 球面；
5．Torus 圆环面；
6．Linear Extrusion 线性拉伸面；
7．Revolution Surface 旋转曲面；
8．Bezier Surface 贝塞尔面；
9．B-Spline Surface B样条曲面；
10．Rectangle Trim Surface 矩形裁剪曲面；
11．Offset Surface 偏移曲面；
曲面的几何数据类都有一个共同的基类Geom_Surface，类图如下所示：
Figure 1.1 Geometry Surface class diagram
抽象基类Geom_Surface有几个纯虚函数Bounds()、Value()等，可用来计算曲面上的点。类图如下所示：
Figure 1.2 Geom_Surface class diagram
与另一几何内核sgCore中的几何的概念一致，几何（geometry）是用参数方程对曲线曲面精确表示的。
每种曲面都对纯虚函数进行实现，使计算曲面上点的方式统一。
曲线C（u）是单参数的矢值函数，它是由直线段到三维欧几里得空间的映射。曲面是关于两个参数u和v的矢值函数，它表示由uv平面上的二维区域R到三维欧几里得空间的映射。把曲面表示成双参数的形式为：
它的参数方程为：
u，v参数形成了一个参数平面，参数的变化区间在参数平面上构成一个矩形区域。正常情况下，参数域内的点（u,v）与曲面上的点r（u,v）是一一对应的映射关系。
给定一个具体的曲面方程，称之为给定了一个曲面的参数化。它既决定了所表示的曲面的形状，也决定了该曲面上的点与其参数域内的点的一种对应关系。同样地，曲面的参数化不是唯一的。
曲面双参数u，v的变化范围往往取为单位正方形，即u∈[0，1]，v∈[0，1]。这样讨论曲面方程时，即简单、方便，又不失一般性。
二、程序示例 Code Example
使用函数Value(u, v)根据参数计算出曲面上的点，将点分u，v方向连成线，可以绘制出曲面的线框模型。程序如下所示：
1 /*
2 * Copyright (c) 2013 eryar All Rights Reserved.
3 *
4 * File : Main.cpp
5 * Author : eryar@163.com
6 * Date : 2013-08-11 10:36
7 * Version : V1.0
8 *
9 * Description : Draw OpenCascade Geometry Surfaces in OpenSceneGraph.
10 *
11 */
12
13 // OpenSceneGraph
14 #include <osgDB/ReadFile>
15 #include <osgViewer/Viewer>
16 #include <osgGA/StateSetManipulator>
17 #include <osgViewer/ViewerEventHandlers>
18
19 #pragma comment(lib, "osgd.lib")
20 #pragma comment(lib, "osgDBd.lib")
21 #pragma comment(lib, "osgGAd.lib")
22 #pragma comment(lib, "osgViewerd.lib")
23
24 // OpenCascade
25 #define WNT
26 #include <TColgp_Array2OfPnt.hxx>
27 #include <TColStd_HArray1OfInteger.hxx>
28 #include <TColGeom_Array2OfBezierSurface.hxx>
29 #include <GeomConvert_CompBezierSurfacesToBSplineSurface.hxx>
30
31 #include <Geom_Surface.hxx>
32 #include <Geom_BezierSurface.hxx>
33 #include <Geom_BSplineSurface.hxx>
34 #include <Geom_ConicalSurface.hxx>
35 #include <Geom_CylindricalSurface.hxx>
36 #include <Geom_Plane.hxx>
37 #include <Geom_ToroidalSurface.hxx>
38 #include <Geom_SphericalSurface.hxx>
39
40 #pragma comment(lib, "TKernel.lib")
41 #pragma comment(lib, "TKMath.lib")
42 #pragma comment(lib, "TKG3d.lib")
43 #pragma comment(lib, "TKGeomBase.lib")
44
45 // Approximation Delta.
46 const double APPROXIMATION_DELTA = 0.1;
47
48 /**
49 * @breif Build geometry surface.
50 */
51 osg::Node* buildSurface(const Geom_Surface& surface)
52 {
53 osg::ref_ptr<osg::Geode> geode = new osg::Geode();
54
55 gp_Pnt point;
56 Standard_Real uFirst = 0.0;
57 Standard_Real vFirst = 0.0;
58 Standard_Real uLast = 0.0;
59 Standard_Real vLast = 0.0;
60
61 surface.Bounds(uFirst, uLast, vFirst, vLast);
62
63 Precision::IsNegativeInfinite(uFirst) ? uFirst = -1.0 : uFirst;
64 Precision::IsInfinite(uLast) ? uLast = 1.0 : uLast;
65
66 Precision::IsNegativeInfinite(vFirst) ? vFirst = -1.0 : vFirst;
67 Precision::IsInfinite(vLast) ? vLast = 1.0 : vLast;
68
69 // Approximation in v direction.
70 for (Standard_Real u = uFirst; u <= uLast; u += APPROXIMATION_DELTA)
71 {
72 osg::ref_ptr<osg::Geometry> linesGeom = new osg::Geometry();
73 osg::ref_ptr<osg::Vec3Array> pointsVec = new osg::Vec3Array();
74
75 for (Standard_Real v = vFirst; v <= vLast; v += APPROXIMATION_DELTA)
76 {
77 point = surface.Value(u, v);
78
79 pointsVec->push_back(osg::Vec3(point.X(), point.Y(), point.Z()));
80 }
81
82 // Set the colors.
83 osg::ref_ptr<osg::Vec4Array> colors = new osg::Vec4Array;
84 colors->push_back(osg::Vec4(1.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f));
85 linesGeom->setColorArray(colors.get());
86 linesGeom->setColorBinding(osg::Geometry::BIND_OVERALL);
87
88 // Set the normal in the same way of color.
89 osg::ref_ptr<osg::Vec3Array> normals = new osg::Vec3Array;
90 normals->push_back(osg::Vec3(0.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f));
91 linesGeom->setNormalArray(normals.get());
92 linesGeom->setNormalBinding(osg::Geometry::BIND_OVERALL);
93
94 // Set vertex array.
95 linesGeom->setVertexArray(pointsVec);
96 linesGeom->addPrimitiveSet(new osg::DrawArrays(osg::PrimitiveSet::LINE_STRIP, 0, pointsVec->size()));
97
98 geode->addDrawable(linesGeom.get());
99 }
100
101 // Approximation in u direction.
102 for (Standard_Real v = vFirst; v <= vLast; v += APPROXIMATION_DELTA)
103 {
104 osg::ref_ptr<osg::Geometry> linesGeom = new osg::Geometry();
105 osg::ref_ptr<osg::Vec3Array> pointsVec = new osg::Vec3Array();
106
107 for (Standard_Real u = vFirst; u <= uLast; u += APPROXIMATION_DELTA)
108 {
109 point = surface.Value(u, v);
110
111 pointsVec->push_back(osg::Vec3(point.X(), point.Y(), point.Z()));
112 }
113
114 // Set the colors.
115 osg::ref_ptr<osg::Vec4Array> colors = new osg::Vec4Array;
116 colors->push_back(osg::Vec4(1.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f));
117 linesGeom->setColorArray(colors.get());
118 linesGeom->setColorBinding(osg::Geometry::BIND_OVERALL);
119
120 // Set the normal in the same way of color.
121 osg::ref_ptr<osg::Vec3Array> normals = new osg::Vec3Array;
122 normals->push_back(osg::Vec3(0.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f));
123 linesGeom->setNormalArray(normals.get());
124 linesGeom->setNormalBinding(osg::Geometry::BIND_OVERALL);
125
126 // Set vertex array.
127 linesGeom->setVertexArray(pointsVec);
128 linesGeom->addPrimitiveSet(new osg::DrawArrays(osg::PrimitiveSet::LINE_STRIP, 0, pointsVec->size()));
129
130 geode->addDrawable(linesGeom.get());
131 }
132
133 return geode.release();
134 }
135
136 /**
137 * @breif Test geometry surfaces of OpenCascade.
138 */
139 osg::Node* buildScene(void)
140 {
141 osg::ref_ptr<osg::Group> root = new osg::Group();
142
143 // Test Plane.
144 Geom_Plane plane(gp::XOY());
145 root->addChild(buildSurface(plane));
146
147 // Test Bezier Surface and B-Spline Surface.
148 TColgp_Array2OfPnt array1(1,3,1,3);
149 TColgp_Array2OfPnt array2(1,3,1,3);
150 TColgp_Array2OfPnt array3(1,3,1,3);
151 TColgp_Array2OfPnt array4(1,3,1,3);
152
153 array1.SetValue(1,1,gp_Pnt(1,1,1));
154 array1.SetValue(1,2,gp_Pnt(2,1,2));
155 array1.SetValue(1,3,gp_Pnt(3,1,1));
156 array1.SetValue(2,1,gp_Pnt(1,2,1));
157 array1.SetValue(2,2,gp_Pnt(2,2,2));
158 array1.SetValue(2,3,gp_Pnt(3,2,0));
159 array1.SetValue(3,1,gp_Pnt(1,3,2));
160 array1.SetValue(3,2,gp_Pnt(2,3,1));
161 array1.SetValue(3,3,gp_Pnt(3,3,0));
162
163 array2.SetValue(1,1,gp_Pnt(3,1,1));
164 array2.SetValue(1,2,gp_Pnt(4,1,1));
165 array2.SetValue(1,3,gp_Pnt(5,1,2));
166 array2.SetValue(2,1,gp_Pnt(3,2,0));
167 array2.SetValue(2,2,gp_Pnt(4,2,1));
168 array2.SetValue(2,3,gp_Pnt(5,2,2));
169 array2.SetValue(3,1,gp_Pnt(3,3,0));
170 array2.SetValue(3,2,gp_Pnt(4,3,0));
171 array2.SetValue(3,3,gp_Pnt(5,3,1));
172
173 array3.SetValue(1,1,gp_Pnt(1,3,2));
174 array3.SetValue(1,2,gp_Pnt(2,3,1));
175 array3.SetValue(1,3,gp_Pnt(3,3,0));
176 array3.SetValue(2,1,gp_Pnt(1,4,1));
177 array3.SetValue(2,2,gp_Pnt(2,4,0));
178 array3.SetValue(2,3,gp_Pnt(3,4,1));
179 array3.SetValue(3,1,gp_Pnt(1,5,1));
180 array3.SetValue(3,2,gp_Pnt(2,5,1));
181 array3.SetValue(3,3,gp_Pnt(3,5,2));
182
183 array4.SetValue(1,1,gp_Pnt(3,3,0));
184 array4.SetValue(1,2,gp_Pnt(4,3,0));
185 array4.SetValue(1,3,gp_Pnt(5,3,1));
186 array4.SetValue(2,1,gp_Pnt(3,4,1));
187 array4.SetValue(2,2,gp_Pnt(4,4,1));
188 array4.SetValue(2,3,gp_Pnt(5,4,1));
189 array4.SetValue(3,1,gp_Pnt(3,5,2));
190 array4.SetValue(3,2,gp_Pnt(4,5,2));
191 array4.SetValue(3,3,gp_Pnt(5,5,1));
192
193 Geom_BezierSurface BZ1(array1);
194 Geom_BezierSurface BZ2(array2);
195 Geom_BezierSurface BZ3(array3);
196 Geom_BezierSurface BZ4(array4);
197 root->addChild(buildSurface(BZ1));
198 root->addChild(buildSurface(BZ2));
199 root->addChild(buildSurface(BZ3));
200 root->addChild(buildSurface(BZ4));
201
202 Handle_Geom_BezierSurface BS1 = new Geom_BezierSurface(array1);
203 Handle_Geom_BezierSurface BS2 = new Geom_BezierSurface(array2);
204 Handle_Geom_BezierSurface BS3 = new Geom_BezierSurface(array3);
205 Handle_Geom_BezierSurface BS4 = new Geom_BezierSurface(array4);
206 TColGeom_Array2OfBezierSurface bezierarray(1,2,1,2);
207 bezierarray.SetValue(1,1,BS1);
208 bezierarray.SetValue(1,2,BS2);
209 bezierarray.SetValue(2,1,BS3);
210 bezierarray.SetValue(2,2,BS4);
211
212 GeomConvert_CompBezierSurfacesToBSplineSurface BB (bezierarray);
213
214 if (BB.IsDone())
215 {
216 Geom_BSplineSurface BSPLSURF(
217 BB.Poles()->Array2(),
218 BB.UKnots()->Array1(),
219 BB.VKnots()->Array1(),
220 BB.UMultiplicities()->Array1(),
221 BB.VMultiplicities()->Array1(),
222 BB.UDegree(),
223 BB.VDegree() );
224
225 BSPLSURF.Translate(gp_Vec(0,0,2));
226
227 root->addChild(buildSurface(BSPLSURF));
228 }
229
230 // Test Spherical Surface.
231 Geom_SphericalSurface sphericalSurface(gp::XOY(), 1.0);
232 sphericalSurface.Translate(gp_Vec(2.5, 0.0, 0.0));
233 root->addChild(buildSurface(sphericalSurface));
234
235 // Test Conical Surface.
236 Geom_ConicalSurface conicalSurface(gp::XOY(), M_PI/8, 1.0);
237 conicalSurface.Translate(gp_Vec(5.0, 0.0, 0.0));
238 root->addChild(buildSurface(conicalSurface));
239
240 // Test Cylindrical Surface.
241 Geom_CylindricalSurface cylindricalSurface(gp::XOY(), 1.0);
242 cylindricalSurface.Translate(gp_Vec(8.0, 0.0, 0.0));
243 root->addChild(buildSurface(cylindricalSurface));
244
245 // Test Toroidal Surface.
246 Geom_ToroidalSurface toroidalSurface(gp::XOY(), 1.0, 0.2);
247 toroidalSurface.Translate(gp_Vec(11.0, 0.0, 0.0));
248 root->addChild(buildSurface(toroidalSurface));
249
250 return root.release();
251 }
252
253 int main(int argc, char* argv[])
254 {
255 osgViewer::Viewer myViewer;
256
257 myViewer.setSceneData(buildScene());
258
259 myViewer.addEventHandler(new osgGA::StateSetManipulator(myViewer.getCamera()->getOrCreateStateSet()));
260 myViewer.addEventHandler(new osgViewer::StatsHandler);
261 myViewer.addEventHandler(new osgViewer::WindowSizeHandler);
262
263 return myViewer.run();
264 }
程序效果如下图所示：
Figure 2.1 OpenCascade Geometry Surfaces in OpenSceneGraph
三、结论 Conclusion
根据OpenCascade中的几何曲面的函数Value(u, v)可以计算出曲面上的点。分u方向和v方向分别绘制曲面上的点，并将之连接成线，即可以表示出曲面的线框模型。因为这样的模型没有面的信息，所以不能有光照效果、材质效果等。要有光照、材质的信息，必须将曲面进行三角剖分。相关的剖分算法有Delaunay三角剖分等。