看完陈皓的C/C++返回内部静态成员的陷阱,认识到自己确实对C/C++本身语法研究的不够清楚,所以这些时间就在对基本知识进行回顾,真的还蛮有意思的。
我在用C/C++函数时,从没有全面考虑过该函数功能,只是知道它能做,基本对函数细节没有了解,就拿下面这个函数做个例子:
char *inet_ntoa(struct in_addr in);
struct in_addr { unsigned long int s_addr; }
看到这个我就能想到该函数是把一个unsigned long type的数转换成一个字符串。其它什么都不想。现在让我们来仔细品读里面的东西。
我传入一个unsigned long type的数据,它给我传出一个char *,那这个char * 在函数里怎么分配空间的。首先不可能是堆分配,因为如果是那样的话,你用完这个函数后还要释放资源。其次不可能是栈分配,因为那样函数返回后栈也会跟着释放。那还有可能是全局变量,如果这样的话,C/C++中已经有好多全局了。那还有一种是static的可能,static不会随着函数的返回而释放,也就是说,它是一块长期被分配的内存空间,现在在假若我在程序中这样写:
printf(“%s, %s”, inet_ntoa(a), inet_ntoa(b)); //a, b 是两个不相等的值
输出会让我大吃一惊,输出结果一样。原因很简单,就是printf先求b,把值给了那个static,然后再求a, 把值又给了static,static的那块内存最终被写入了a的值,这个时候输出,那当然就输出的同一个值了。还有一种错误写法,如下:
Char *tmp1 = inet_ntoa(a);
Char *tmp2 = inet_ntoa(b);
这样也是有问题的,因为tmp1和tmp2都指向了一块内存,当前的static的值就是b的值了。所以总结如下,使用这种函数一定要copy函数返回的值,而不能去保存其内存地址!
附inet_ntoa()源码:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <arpa/inet.h>
#include <bits/libc-lock.h>
/* The interface of this function is completely stupid, it requires a
static buffer. We relax this a bit in that we allow at least one
buffer for each thread. */
/* This is the key for the thread specific memory. */
static __libc_key_t key;
/* If nonzero the key allocation failed and we should better use a
static buffer than fail. */
static char local_buf[18];
static char *static_buf; //静态
/* Destructor for the thread-specific data. */
static void init (void);
static void free_key_mem (void *mem);
char *
inet_ntoa (struct in_addr in)
{
__libc_once_define (static, once);
char *buffer;
unsigned char *bytes;
/* If we have not yet initialized the buffer do it now. */
__libc_once (once, init);
if (static_buf != NULL)
buffer = static_buf;
else
{
/* We don't use the static buffer and so we have a key. Use it
to get the thread-specific buffer. */
buffer = __libc_getspecific (key);
if (buffer == NULL)
{
/* No buffer allocated so far. */
buffer = malloc (18);
if (buffer == NULL)
/* No more memory available. We use the static buffer. */
buffer = local_buf;
else
__libc_setspecific (key, buffer);
}
}
bytes = (unsigned char *) ∈
__snprintf (buffer, 18, "%d.%d.%d.%d",
bytes[0], bytes[1], bytes[2], bytes[3]);
return buffer;
}
/* Initialize buffer. */
static void
init (void)
{
if (__libc_key_create (&key, free_key_mem))
/* Creating the key failed. This means something really went
wrong. In any case use a static buffer which is better than
nothing. */
static_buf = local_buf;
}