在绘制复杂的三维场景时，不可避免地会出现物体间的相互遮挡，在这种情况下，为了正确地绘制场景需要使用深度测试。半透明物体的绘制不同于不透明物体，Direct3D通过alpha混合实现半透明物体的绘制。深度测试可以简化复杂场景的绘制，alpha混合可以使绘制的三维场景更完整、更逼真。
在复杂的场景中，通常有多个物体需要绘制，这些物体之间通常会存在遮挡关系，离观察点较远的物体会因为近处物体的者的遮挡而不可见或只有部分可见，Direct3D图形系统提供了深度测试功能来实现这种效果。
深度缓冲区与深度测试
要理解深度测试，首先需要理解深度缓冲区。深度缓冲区是Direct3D用来存储绘制到屏幕上的每个像素点的深度信息的一块内存缓冲区。当Direct3D将一个场景渲染到目标表面上时，它使用深度缓冲区来决定光栅化后各个多边形的像素的前后遮挡关系，最终决定哪个颜色值被绘制出来。也就是说，Direct3D通过比较当前绘制的像素点的深度和对应深度缓冲区的点的深度值来决定是否绘制当前像素。如果深度测试结果为TRUE，则绘制当前像素，并用当前像素点的深度来更新深度缓冲区，反之则不予绘制。通常情况下，深度缓冲区对应于屏幕大小的一块二维区域。
对一个启用了深度缓冲区的场景进行光栅化操作时，渲染表面上的每个点都要进行深度测试。在深度测试开始时，深度缓冲区的深度值被设置为该场景可能出现的最大值，渲染表面上的颜色值被设置为背景颜色值。然后测试场景内即将绘制的每个多边形，看它是否小于存储在深度缓冲区中的深度值，如果该多边形的深度值更小，则该深度值被更新到深度缓冲区中，并将渲染表面上当前点的颜色值替换为该多边形的颜色。如果多边形在这一点的深度值更大，将继续测试列表中的下一个多边形。
创建深度缓冲区
若要在Direct3D图形程序中应用深度测试，首先必须在创建Direct3D渲染设备时创建深度缓冲区，示例代码如下：
D3DPRESENT_PARAMETERS d3dpp;
ZeroMemory(&d3dpp, sizeof(d3dpp));
d3dpp.Windowed = TRUE;
d3dpp.SwapEffect = D3DSWAPEFFECT_DISCARD;
d3dpp.BackBufferFormat = D3DFMT_UNKNOWN;
d3dpp.EnableAutoDepthStencil = TRUE; // 表示由Direct3D创建并管理一个深度缓冲区
d3dpp.AutoDepthStencilFormat = D3DFMT_D16; // 表示深度缓冲区中每一个像素的深度值由16位的二进制数表示
if(FAILED(g_d3d->CreateDevice(D3DADAPTER_DEFAULT, D3DDEVTYPE_HAL, hwnd, D3DCREATE_SOFTWARE_VERTEXPROCESSING,
&d3dpp, &g_device)))
{
return false;
}
激活深度测试
深度缓冲区随Direct3D渲染设备创建好后，调用Direct3D渲染状态设置函数IDirect3DDevice9::SetRenderState()，将第一个参数设为D3DRS_ZENABLE，第二个参数设为TRUE，激活深度测试：
g_device->SetRenderState(D3DRS_ZENABLE, TRUE);
设置深度测试函数
接下来依然调用IDirect3DDevice9::SetRenderState()函数设置深度测试函数，第一个参数设置为D3DRS_ZFUNC：
- D3DRS_ZFUNC
- One member of the D3DCMPFUNC enumerated type. The
default value is D3DCMP_LESSEQUAL. This member enables an application to
accept or reject a pixel, based on its distance from the camera.
The depth value of the pixel is compared with the
depth-buffer value. If the depth value of the pixel passes the comparison
function, the pixel is written.
The depth value is written to the depth buffer only
if the render state is TRUE.
Software rasterizers and many hardware accelerators
work faster if the depth test fails, because there is no need to filter and
modulate the texture if the pixel is not going to be rendered.
第二个参数设置为想要设置的深度测试函数，它属于D3DCMPFUNC枚举类型，定义如下：
Defines the supported compare functions.
typedef enum D3DCMPFUNC
{
D3DCMP_NEVER = 1,
D3DCMP_LESS = 2,
D3DCMP_EQUAL = 3,
D3DCMP_LESSEQUAL = 4,
D3DCMP_GREATER = 5,
D3DCMP_NOTEQUAL = 6,
D3DCMP_GREATEREQUAL = 7,
D3DCMP_ALWAYS = 8,
D3DCMP_FORCE_DWORD = 0x7fffffff,
} D3DCMPFUNC, *LPD3DCMPFUNC;
Constants
- D3DCMP_NEVER
- Always fail the test.
- D3DCMP_LESS
- Accept the new pixel if its value is less than the
value of the current pixel.
- D3DCMP_EQUAL
- Accept the new pixel if its value equals the value
of the current pixel.
- D3DCMP_LESSEQUAL
- Accept the new pixel if its value is less than or
equal to the value of the current pixel.
- D3DCMP_GREATER
- Accept the new pixel if its value is greater than
the value of the current pixel.
- D3DCMP_NOTEQUAL
- Accept the new pixel if its value does not equal
the value of the current pixel.
- D3DCMP_GREATEREQUAL
- Accept the new pixel if its value is greater than
or equal to the value of the current pixel.
- D3DCMP_ALWAYS
- Always pass the test.
- D3DCMP_FORCE_DWORD
- Forces this enumeration to compile to 32 bits in
size. Without this value, some compilers would allow this enumeration to
compile to a size other than 32 bits. This value is not used.
Remarks
The values in this enumerated type define the supported
compare functions for the D3DRS_ZFUNC, D3DRS_ALPHAFUNC, and D3DRS_STENCILFUNC
render states.
通常情况下，深度测试函数设置为D3DCMP_LESS，表示当测试点深度值小于深度缓冲区中相应值时，通过深度测试并绘制相关像素，这样没有被遮挡的物体才显示，而被遮挡的物体就不显示。示例代码如下：
g_device->SetRenderState(D3DRS_ZFUNC, D3DCMP_LESS);
更新深度缓冲区
设置了深度测试函数后，还需要设置深度测试成功时对深度缓冲区如何操作，是保持原来的深度值，还是用当前像素的深度值更新对应的数值。
- D3DRS_ZWRITEENABLE
- TRUE to enable the application to write to the
depth buffer. The default value is TRUE. This member enables an application
to prevent the system from updating the depth buffer with new depth values.
If FALSE, depth comparisons are still made according to the render state
D3DRS_ZFUNC, assuming that depth buffering is taking place, but depth values
are not written to the buffer.
示例代码如下：
g_device->SetRenderState(D3DRS_ZWRITEENABLE, TRUE);
表示如果通过测试，则用当前像素的深度值更新深度缓冲区中对应的数值，这是最常用的设置，也是默认设置。
示例程序
该示例程序绘制了一个矩形和一个坦克模型，其中先绘制矩形，再绘制坦克模型，而且坦克模型在矩形的后面被遮挡住。如果按下"1"键，则禁用深度测试，这时坦克虽然被矩形遮挡住，但仍然被绘制出来了；如果按下"2"键，则启用深度测试，这时坦克模型被矩形遮挡住，没有绘制出来。
按下数字键"1"，禁用深度测试，被矩形部分遮住的坦克被绘制出来。
按下数字键"2"，启用深度测试，被矩形部分遮住的坦克没有被绘制出来。
源程序：
#include <d3dx9.h>
#pragma warning(disable : 4127)
#define CLASS_NAME "GameApp"
#define release_com(p) do { if(p) { (p)->Release(); (p) = NULL; } } while(0)
IDirect3D9* g_d3d;
IDirect3DDevice9* g_device;
ID3DXMesh* g_mesh;
D3DMATERIAL9* g_mesh_materials;
IDirect3DTexture9** g_mesh_textures;
DWORD g_num_materials;
IDirect3DVertexBuffer9* g_shutter_vb;
D3DXMATRIX g_mat_tank;
D3DXMATRIX g_mat_shutter;
struct sCustomVertex
{
float x, y, z;
DWORD color;
};
#define D3DFVF_CUSTOM_VERTEX (D3DFVF_XYZ | D3DFVF_DIFFUSE)
void setup_matrices()
{
// setup world matrix
D3DXMATRIX mat_world;
D3DXMatrixIdentity(&mat_world);
g_device->SetTransform(D3DTS_WORLD, &mat_world);
// setup view matrix
D3DXVECTOR3 eye(0.0f, 2.0f, -30.0f);
D3DXVECTOR3 at(0.0f, 2.0f, 0.0f);
D3DXVECTOR3 up(0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f);
D3DXMATRIX mat_view;
D3DXMatrixLookAtLH(&mat_view, &eye, &at, &up);
g_device->SetTransform(D3DTS_VIEW, &mat_view);
// setup projection matrix
D3DXMATRIX mat_proj;
D3DXMatrixPerspectiveFovLH(&mat_proj, D3DX_PI/4, 1.0f, 1.0f, 500.0f);
g_device->SetTransform(D3DTS_PROJECTION, &mat_proj);
}
bool init_geometry()
{
ID3DXBuffer* material_buffer;
/*
D3DXLoadMeshFromXA(
LPCSTR pFilename,
DWORD Options,
LPDIRECT3DDEVICE9 pD3DDevice,
LPD3DXBUFFER *ppAdjacency,
LPD3DXBUFFER *ppMaterials,
LPD3DXBUFFER *ppEffectInstances,
DWORD *pNumMaterials,
LPD3DXMESH *ppMesh);
*/
if(FAILED(D3DXLoadMeshFromX("tank.x", D3DXMESH_SYSTEMMEM, g_device, NULL, &material_buffer, NULL,
&g_num_materials, &g_mesh)))
{
MessageBox(NULL, "Could not find tank.x", "ERROR", MB_OK);
return false;
}
D3DXMATERIAL* xmaterials = (D3DXMATERIAL*) material_buffer->GetBufferPointer();
g_mesh_materials = new D3DMATERIAL9[g_num_materials];
g_mesh_textures = new IDirect3DTexture9*[g_num_materials];
for(DWORD i = 0; i < g_num_materials; i++)
{
g_mesh_materials[i] = xmaterials[i].MatD3D;
// set ambient reflected coefficient, because .x file do not set it.
g_mesh_materials[i].Ambient = g_mesh_materials[i].Diffuse;
g_mesh_textures[i] = NULL;
if(xmaterials[i].pTextureFilename != NULL && strlen(xmaterials[i].pTextureFilename) > 0)
D3DXCreateTextureFromFile(g_device, xmaterials[i].pTextureFilename, &g_mesh_textures[i]);
}
material_buffer->Release();
// create shutter vertex buffer
sCustomVertex vertices[] =
{
{ -8, -2, -10.0f, 0xFFFFFF00},
{ -8, 6, -10.0f, 0xFFFFFF00},
{ 8, -2, -10.0f, 0xFFFFFF00},
{ 8, 6, -10.0f, 0xFFFFFF00}
};
g_device->CreateVertexBuffer(sizeof(vertices), 0, D3DFVF_CUSTOM_VERTEX, D3DPOOL_DEFAULT, &g_shutter_vb, NULL);
void* ptr;
g_shutter_vb->Lock(0, sizeof(vertices), &ptr, 0);
memcpy(ptr, vertices, sizeof(vertices));
g_shutter_vb->Unlock();
return true;
}
bool init_d3d(HWND hwnd)
{
g_d3d = Direct3DCreate9(D3D_SDK_VERSION);
if(g_d3d == NULL)
return false;
D3DPRESENT_PARAMETERS d3dpp;
ZeroMemory(&d3dpp, sizeof(d3dpp));
d3dpp.Windowed = TRUE;
d3dpp.SwapEffect = D3DSWAPEFFECT_DISCARD;
d3dpp.BackBufferFormat = D3DFMT_UNKNOWN;
d3dpp.EnableAutoDepthStencil = TRUE;
d3dpp.AutoDepthStencilFormat = D3DFMT_D16;
if(FAILED(g_d3d->CreateDevice(D3DADAPTER_DEFAULT, D3DDEVTYPE_HAL, hwnd, D3DCREATE_SOFTWARE_VERTEXPROCESSING,
&d3dpp, &g_device)))
{
return false;
}
if(! init_geometry())
return false;
setup_matrices();
g_device->SetRenderState(D3DRS_ZENABLE, TRUE);
g_device->SetRenderState(D3DRS_ZFUNC, D3DCMP_LESS);
g_device->SetRenderState(D3DRS_ZWRITEENABLE, TRUE);
g_device->SetRenderState(D3DRS_AMBIENT, 0xFF00BB00);
// rotate tank
D3DXQUATERNION quat;
D3DXMATRIX mat_rotation;
D3DXMatrixIdentity(&g_mat_tank);
D3DXQuaternionRotationYawPitchRoll(&quat, D3DX_PI/4, -D3DX_PI/4, 0.0f);
D3DXMatrixRotationQuaternion(&mat_rotation, &quat);
D3DXMatrixMultiply(&g_mat_tank, &mat_rotation, &g_mat_tank);
D3DXMatrixIdentity(&g_mat_shutter);
return true;
}
void cleanup()
{
delete[] g_mesh_materials;
if(g_mesh_textures)
{
for(DWORD i = 0; i < g_num_materials; i++)
release_com(g_mesh_textures[i]);
delete[] g_mesh_textures;
}
release_com(g_mesh);
release_com(g_shutter_vb);
release_com(g_device);
release_com(g_d3d);
}
void render()
{
g_device->Clear(0, NULL, D3DCLEAR_TARGET | D3DCLEAR_ZBUFFER, D3DCOLOR_XRGB(5, 5, 5), 1.0f, 0);
g_device->BeginScene();
// render shutter
g_device->SetRenderState(D3DRS_LIGHTING, FALSE);
g_device->SetTransform(D3DTS_WORLD, &g_mat_shutter);
g_device->SetStreamSource(0, g_shutter_vb, 0, sizeof(sCustomVertex));
g_device->SetFVF(D3DFVF_CUSTOM_VERTEX);
g_device->DrawPrimitive(D3DPT_TRIANGLESTRIP, 0, 2);
// render tank
g_device->SetRenderState(D3DRS_LIGHTING, TRUE);
g_device->SetTransform(D3DTS_WORLD, &g_mat_tank);
for(DWORD i = 0; i < g_num_materials; i++)
{
g_device->SetMaterial(&g_mesh_materials[i]);
g_device->SetTexture(0, g_mesh_textures[i]);
g_mesh->DrawSubset(i);
}
g_device->EndScene();
g_device->Present(NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL);
}
LRESULT WINAPI WinProc(HWND hwnd, UINT msg, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam)
{
switch(msg)
{
case WM_KEYDOWN:
switch(wParam)
{
case 49: // press key "1", disable depth test.
g_device->SetRenderState(D3DRS_ZENABLE, FALSE);
break;
case 50: // press key "2", enable depth test.
g_device->SetRenderState(D3DRS_ZENABLE, TRUE);
break;
case VK_ESCAPE:
DestroyWindow(hwnd);
break;
}
break;
case WM_DESTROY:
PostQuitMessage(0);
return 0;
}
return DefWindowProc(hwnd, msg, wParam, lParam);
}
int WINAPI WinMain(HINSTANCE inst, HINSTANCE, LPSTR, INT)
{
WNDCLASSEX wc;
wc.cbSize = sizeof(WNDCLASSEX);
wc.style = CS_CLASSDC;
wc.lpfnWndProc = WinProc;
wc.cbClsExtra = 0;
wc.cbWndExtra = 0;
wc.hInstance = inst;
wc.hIcon = NULL;
wc.hCursor = NULL;
wc.hbrBackground = NULL;
wc.lpszMenuName = NULL;
wc.lpszClassName = CLASS_NAME;
wc.hIconSm = NULL;
if(! RegisterClassEx(&wc))
return -1;
HWND hwnd = CreateWindow(CLASS_NAME, "Direct3D App", WS_OVERLAPPEDWINDOW, 200, 100, 640, 480,
NULL, NULL, wc.hInstance, NULL);
if(hwnd == NULL)
return -1;
if(init_d3d(hwnd))
{
ShowWindow(hwnd, SW_SHOWDEFAULT);
UpdateWindow(hwnd);
MSG msg;
ZeroMemory(&msg, sizeof(msg));
while(msg.message != WM_QUIT)
{
if(PeekMessage(&msg, NULL, 0, 0, PM_REMOVE))
{
TranslateMessage(&msg);
DispatchMessage(&msg);
}
render();
}
}
cleanup();
UnregisterClass(CLASS_NAME, wc.hInstance);
return 0;
}
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