先从一个小例子开头

重点在这个-fsanitize=address选项上，不加它运行这段代码基本是不会报错的，加上它编译这段代码后，会得到如下的运行结果，内容依次为

错误类型

backtrace

内存操作记录

内存摘要

是不是很棒，接下就来看看这个fsanitice是什么来历

Sanitizers简介

Sanitizers是谷歌发起的开源工具集，包括了AddressSanitizer, MemorySanitizer, ThreadSanitizer, LeakSanitizer，Sanitizers项目本是LLVM项目的一部分，但GNU也将该系列工具加入到了自家的GCC编译器中。GCC从4.8版本开始支持Address和Thread Sanitizer，4.9版本开始支持Leak Sanitizer和UB Sanitizer，这些都是查找隐藏Bug的利器。

Address Sanitize

开启选项

Enable AddressSanitizer, a fast memory error detector. Memory access instructions are instrumented to detect out-of-bounds and use-after-free bugs. The option enables -fsanitize-address-use-after-scope. See https://github.com/google/sanitizers/wiki/AddressSanitizer for more details. The run-time behavior can be influenced using the ASAN_OPTIONS environment variable. When set to help=1, the available options are shown at startup of the instrumented program. See https://github.com/google/sanitizers/wiki/AddressSanitizerFlags#run-time-flags for a list of supported options. The option cannot be combined with -fsanitize=thread and/or -fcheck-pointer-bounds.

-fsanitize=kernel-address

Enable AddressSanitizer for Linux kernel. See https://github.com/google/kasan/wiki for more details. The option cannot be combined with -fcheck-pointer-bounds.

-fsanitize=thread

Enable ThreadSanitizer, a fast data race detector. Memory access instructions are instrumented to detect data race bugs. See https://github.com/google/sanitizers/wiki#threadsanitizer for more details. The run-time behavior can be influenced using the TSAN_OPTIONS environment variable; see https://github.com/google/sanitizers/wiki/ThreadSanitizerFlags for a list of supported options. The option cannot be combined with -fsanitize=address, -fsanitize=leak and/or -fcheck-pointer-bounds.

Note that sanitized atomic builtins cannot throw exceptions when operating on invalid memory addresses with non-call exceptions (-fnon-call-exceptions).

-fsanitize=leak

Enable LeakSanitizer, a memory leak detector. This option only matters for linking of executables and the executable is linked against a library that overrides malloc and other allocator functions. See https://github.com/google/sanitizers/wiki/AddressSanitizerLeakSanitizer for more details. The run-time behavior can be influenced using the LSAN_OPTIONS environment variable. The option cannot be combined with -fsanitize=thread.

-fsanitize=undefined

Enable UndefinedBehaviorSanitizer, a fast undefined behavior detector. Various computations are instrumented to detect undefined behavior at runtime. Current suboptions are:

-fsanitize=shift

This option enables checking that the result of a shift operation is not undefined. Note that what exactly is considered undefined differs slightly between C and C++, as well as between ISO C90 and C99, etc. This option has two suboptions, -fsanitize=shift-base and -fsanitize=shift-exponent.

-fsanitize=shift-exponent

This option enables checking that the second argument of a shift operation is not negative and is smaller than the precision of the promoted first argument.

-fsanitize=shift-base

If the second argument of a shift operation is within range, check that the result of a shift operation is not undefined. Note that what exactly is considered undefined differs slightly between C and C++, as well as between ISO C90 and C99, etc.

-fsanitize=integer-divide-by-zero

Detect integer division by zero as well as INT_MIN / -1 division.

-fsanitize=unreachable

With this option, the compiler turns the __builtin_unreachable call into a diagnostics message call instead. When reaching the __builtin_unreachable call, the behavior is undefined.

-fsanitize=vla-bound

This option instructs the compiler to check that the size of a variable length array is positive.

-fsanitize=null

This option enables pointer checking. Particularly, the application built with this option turned on will issue an error message when it tries to dereference a NULL pointer, or if a reference (possibly an rvalue reference) is bound to a NULL pointer, or if a method is invoked on an object pointed by a NULL pointer.

-fsanitize=return

This option enables return statement checking. Programs built with this option turned on will issue an error message when the end of a non-void function is reached without actually returning a value. This option works in C++ only.

-fsanitize=signed-integer-overflow

This option enables signed integer overflow checking. We check that the result of +, *, and both unary and binary – does not overflow in the signed arithmetics. Note, integer promotion rules must be taken into account. That is, the following is not an overflow:

signed char a = SCHAR_MAX;
a++;

-fsanitize=bounds

This option enables instrumentation of array bounds. Various out of bounds accesses are detected. Flexible array members, flexible array member-like arrays, and initializers of variables with static storage are not instrumented. The option cannot be combined with -fcheck-pointer-bounds.

-fsanitize=bounds-strict

This option enables strict instrumentation of array bounds. Most out of bounds accesses are detected, including flexible array members and flexible array member-like arrays. Initializers of variables with static storage are not instrumented. The option cannot be combined with -fcheck-pointer-bounds.

-fsanitize=alignment

This option enables checking of alignment of pointers when they are dereferenced, or when a reference is bound to insufficiently aligned target, or when a method or constructor is invoked on insufficiently aligned object.

-fsanitize=object-size

This option enables instrumentation of memory references using the __builtin_object_size function. Various out of bounds pointer accesses are detected.

-fsanitize=float-divide-by-zero

Detect floating-point division by zero. Unlike other similar options, -fsanitize=float-divide-by-zero is not enabled by -fsanitize=undefined, since floating-point division by zero can be a legitimate way of obtaining infinities and NaNs.

-fsanitize=float-cast-overflow

This option enables floating-point type to integer conversion checking. We check that the result of the conversion does not overflow. Unlike other similar options, -fsanitize=float-cast-overflow is not enabled by -fsanitize=undefined. This option does not work well with FE_INVALID exceptions enabled.

-fsanitize=nonnull-attribute

This option enables instrumentation of calls, checking whether null values are not passed to arguments marked as requiring a non-null value by the nonnull function attribute.

-fsanitize=returns-nonnull-attribute

This option enables instrumentation of return statements in functions marked with returns_nonnull function attribute, to detect returning of null values from such functions.

-fsanitize=bool

This option enables instrumentation of loads from bool. If a value other than 0/1 is loaded, a run-time error is issued.

-fsanitize=enum

This option enables instrumentation of loads from an enum type. If a value outside the range of values for the enum type is loaded, a run-time error is issued.

-fsanitize=vptr

This option enables instrumentation of C++ member function calls, member accesses and some conversions between pointers to base and derived classes, to verify the referenced object has the correct dynamic type.

While -ftrapv causes traps for signed overflows to be emitted, -fsanitize=undefined gives a diagnostic message. This currently works only for the C family of languages.

-fno-sanitize=all

This option disables all previously enabled sanitizers. -fsanitize=all is not allowed, as some sanitizers cannot be used together.

-fasan-shadow-offset=number

This option forces GCC to use custom shadow offset in AddressSanitizer checks. It is useful for experimenting with different shadow memory layouts in Kernel AddressSanitizer.

-fsanitize-sections=s1,s2,…

Sanitize global variables in selected user-defined sections. si may contain wildcards.

-fsanitize-recover[=opts]

-fsanitize-recover= controls error recovery mode for sanitizers mentioned in comma-separated list of opts. Enabling this option for a sanitizer component causes it to attempt to continue running the program as if no error happened. This means multiple runtime errors can be reported in a single program run, and the exit code of the program may indicate success even when errors have been reported. The -fno-sanitize-recover= option can be used to alter this behavior: only the first detected error is reported and program then exits with a non-zero exit code.

Currently this feature only works for -fsanitize=undefined (and its suboptions except for -fsanitize=unreachable and -fsanitize=return), -fsanitize=float-cast-overflow, -fsanitize=float-divide-by-zero, -fsanitize=bounds-strict, -fsanitize=kernel-address and -fsanitize=address. For these sanitizers error recovery is turned on by default, except -fsanitize=address, for which this feature is experimental. -fsanitize-recover=all and -fno-sanitize-recover=all is also accepted, the former enables recovery for all sanitizers that support it, the latter disables recovery for all sanitizers that support it.

Even if a recovery mode is turned on the compiler side, it needs to be also enabled on the runtime library side, otherwise the failures are still fatal. The runtime library defaults to halt_on_error=0 for ThreadSanitizer and UndefinedBehaviorSanitizer, while default value for AddressSanitizer is halt_on_error=1. This can be overridden through setting the halt_on_error flag in the corresponding environment variable.

Syntax without an explicit opts parameter is deprecated. It is equivalent to specifying an opts list of:

undefined,float-cast-overflow,float-divide-by-zero,bounds-strict

-fsanitize-address-use-after-scope

Enable sanitization of local variables to detect use-after-scope bugs. The option sets -fstack-reuse to ‘none’.

-fsanitize-undefined-trap-on-error

The -fsanitize-undefined-trap-on-error option instructs the compiler to report undefined behavior using __builtin_trap rather than a libubsan library routine. The advantage of this is that the libubsan library is not needed and is not linked in, so this is usable even in freestanding environments.

-fsanitize-coverage=trace-pc

Enable coverage-guided fuzzing code instrumentation. Inserts a call to __sanitizer_cov_trace_pc into every basic block